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“礼仪之争”对近代早期中西关系影响重大,是中外学界关注的热点。1700年巴黎外方传教会给教宗英诺森十二世的上书在法国秘密刊印,矛头直指耶稣会士对中国礼仪的态度。在路易十四秘密妻子曼特农夫人的默许下,曾任王太子老师的莫城主教博絮埃密谋借此在法国教士大会上声讨耶稣会。由于国王和部分主教未予支持,上书被提交索邦神学院,并成为其谴责耶稣会士中国文化观的蓝本。教廷迟迟未予表态,致使巴黎外方传教会和耶稣会的“礼仪之争”持续升温,双方均致函各地主教以寻求支持。直至1704年,教宗克莱门十一世才最终做出了支持巴黎外方传教会的秘密决定。这一决定深刻影响了近代早期中西关系的走向。“礼仪之争”不仅是一场文化和哲学观念上的冲突,更是一场权力和派系之争。上书背后各方势力的角逐,揭示出路易十四执政后期错综复杂的宫廷政治形势以及法国和教廷之间的微妙关系。
“The dispute of ceremonies ” has a great influence on the relations between China and the West in early modern times, which is a hot topic that Chinese and foreign scholars pay close attention to. In 1700, the Letter from the Foreign Evangelicals of Paris to Pope Incest XII was secretly printed in France, pointing to the attitude of the Jesuits toward Chinese ceremonies. With the acquiescence of Mrs. Mannon, the secret wife of Louis XIV, Bishop Meaux, a former Prince Edward teacher, sought to condemn the Jesuits at the French clergy. With the king and some bishops unsupported, the letter was submitted to the Sorbonne Seminary and served as a blueprint for condemning the Jesuits Chinese concept of culture. The Holy See did not stand still for a long time, resulting in a continual warming in the “controversy over ceremonies” between the Ecumenical Council of Paris and the Jesuits, both of whom sent letters to bishops of all countries seeking support. It was not until 1704 that Pope Clemens XI finally made a secret decision to support the foreign mission of Paris. This decision profoundly affected the trend of early Sino-West relations in modern times. “Etiquette ” is not only a cultural and philosophical concept of the conflict, but also a power and factional dispute. The forces of power behind the writings reveal the intricacies of the court politics of Louis XIV and the subtle relationship between France and the Holy See.