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一、考点分布
1．词法： 动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法（尤其是时态与非谓语动词）；名词、代词的数和格；冠词的基本用法；形容词、副词的比较等级；主谓一致和其它的一致关系；连词、关系词的使用等。
2．句法：简单句、复合句、否定句、疑问句、省略、替代等；转折、时间的顺序、数量的增减以及因果的倒置等。
二、错误类型分析
短文改错的错误类型相对稳定，通常错词为六行，多词和漏词共三行，正确为一行。
1． 漏词
漏词是指句中漏掉了必不可少的词语，导致句子结构和意义不完整。这类词多为功能词，如系动词be、冠词、物主代词、介词及不定式符号 to等。
例1 I looked at the orange drink and decided I couldn’t face it, so I hid the glass behind a pile magazines.
解析：a pile加of才能接名词，故在pile后加of 。
例2 The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me. (NMET 2000)
解析：可数名词前应有限定词修饰，根据文意应为my English teacher。
例3 I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home and.... (NMET 2005 全国卷III)
解析：journey应为可数名词，故在pleasant前加不定冠词a。
例4 My parents love me dearly of course and will do what they can make sure that I get a good education. (NMET 2001)
解析：本句中can后省掉了与前面相同的实义动词do，后面的不定式to make作状语，故应在make前加to。
例5 I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit.(NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：ask后应接带to的动词不定式做宾补，故应在come前加to。
2． 多词
多词错误是指受汉语的干扰和影响，而出现英语汉语化表达方式造成冗言，这些词多为冠词、介词、代词或连词等。
例1 Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. (NMET 2000)
解析：catch sight of 为固定词组，意为“看到”，故将不定冠词a去掉。
例2 But we don’t seem to get much time to talk about together. (NMET 2001)
解析：本句中未交代谈话内容，介词about是多余的，应该去掉。
例3 You will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors’ Club....(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：club为一组织，加入某一组织用join，应该去掉in。
例4 Since you have visited Greece several times, so I would like you to know...
(NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：本句中已有since引导状语从句，故主句前的so是多余的，应当去掉。
例5 Some students may also to save up for their college or future use. (NMET2005全国)
解析：情态动词后应当直接跟动词原形，故要去掉to。
3．错词
错词的原因很多，归纳起来主要有以下几个方面：
（1） 时态、语态的误用
时态方面的错误主要表现在混淆认知，故意把本应是某种时态的动词错写成另一种时态。语态方面的错误则主要是被动语态和主动语态的混淆。
例1 Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei...The time passes quickly. (NMET 2002)
解析：原文讲的是上周游览峨眉山，所以将passes改为passed 。
例2 I knocked at the door and was delighting when a pleasant old man opened the
door...(NMET 2005江西)
解析：主语是I，句意有被动的意思，故将delighting改为delighted，。
例3 I hoped that you think about my request....( NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：综观全文，此处应是表达现在的愿望，因此把hoped改为hope。
（2） 非谓语动词的误用
非谓语动词主要包括过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式和固定搭配等各种形式的动词，是语法上的一个重要考点。
例1 I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort. (NMET 2002)
解析：动词原形不能作主语，应将watch改为watching 。
例2 Seeing his strong interest in this game of 22 men run after a ball , I...( NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：run应是后置定语，修饰men，故应用running 。
（3）主谓不一致、主语和代词不一致
例1 You will probably want to join the Stamp Collectors’ Club which exist to add more stamps to you collection.(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：句中定语从句的关系代词which代指的club是单数，故谓语动词应用单数，将exist改为 exists。
例2 More and more people start a stamp collection of your own...(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：本句的主语是people，与之相应的代词your应改为their。
例3 Starting your collection of stamps are easy....( NMET 2004浙江)
解析：本句主语是动名词形式的starting，应该作为单数，故将谓语are改为is。
（4）形容词和副词及其比较等级（包括原级、比较级、最高级）的误用
例1 We hope you’ll teach us a lot many songs in the future. (NMET2005山东)
解析：根据上下文可知，本句的意思是，在聚会上学习了歌曲，希望未来能学得更多。a lot作为副词，可以修饰比较级，故应改many为more.
例2 I hope that you think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly. (NMET 2006浙江)
解析：as ... as（尽可能......）结构中后一个as后要用形容词，故将possibly改为possible。
例3 Football is not too badly as long as.... (NMET 2005浙江)
解析：副词不能做表语，形容词可以做表语，故改badly为bad 。
（5）动词的-ing形式和 -ed形式形容词混淆
例1 I found the game excited. (NMET 2005浙江)
解析：the game是“令人激动的”故用exciting。
例2 ...which is both interested and fun.(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：which所指的hobby是“令人感兴趣的”，故用interesting。
（6）连接词的误用
例1 The food was expensive and the service was good. (NMET 2002)
解析：The food was expensive与the service was good 是转折关系，不是并列关系,故应将and改为 but.
例2 I told Mother, Father, Sister and all my friends that a great time I had. (NMET 1996)
解析：此句中含一个感叹句作told的宾语，故应将that改为what才正确。
例3 Therefore, my father loves football.(NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：综观全文，本句应为转折意，改Therefore为However 。
(7) 动词与介词、副词搭配错误
例1 Could you share your experiences for us? (NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：“与某人分享某物”是share sth. with sb.，故改for为with 。
例2 ...can all provide you for stamps from all over the world.( NMET 2004 浙江)
解析：“为某人提供某物”是provide sb. with sth.，改for为 with 。
(8) 思维定势的干扰
例 I also enjoyed the evening when we spent together .(NMET1995)
解析：尽管evening是时间名词，但是spend是及物动词，需要关系代词作宾语，故应将when改为that或者将when去掉。
(9）句式结构中平行、并列关系混乱
例1 I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world.
(NMET2005辽宁)
解析：句中going与feeling平行，改felt为feeling。
例2 As we climbed the mountains, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.
(NMET2002)
解析：句中用了三个并列的谓语动词，故应将visiting改为visited.
例3 At first I was not quite willing to sit down and watched the 90-minute football match.
(NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：句中watched 与sit down 并列，应该保持一致，故应改为watch。
(10）行文逻辑错误
例1 ... selling the TV set. Now someone at home reads instead. (NMET 1999)
解析 根据上下文可知，电视机卖掉以后，全家人都看书，所以将someone改为everyone 。
例2 I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here. (NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：根据文章的上下文讲到要了解希腊的文化历史，当然是“你是否见过那儿的古老建筑”，改here为there 。
三、解题思路点拨
下面以2005年全国高考英语短文改错为例来谈谈解题技巧。
There are advantage for students to work 76. ____________
while studying at school. One of them was 77. ____________
that they can earn money. For the most part, 78. ____________
students working to earn money for their 79. ____________
own use. Earning their own money allow 80. ____________
them to spend on anything as if they please. 81. ____________
They would have to ask their parents for 82. ____________
money or for permission to do things by 83 .____________
the money. Some students may also to save 84. ____________
up for our college or future use. 85. ____________
1．注意语篇环境，侧重语法分析
首先，要认真阅读全文，弄懂文意，了解文章所创设的语言环境，为正确判断创造条件。做题时，眼光不能只盯在单句上，要避免出现“只见树木，不见森林”的现象，从整体的角度，跨越句子层次分析考虑问题。如第82题，如果眼光只局限于当前句，恐怕很难发现错误。做题时思考的切入点应放在语法分析上，如第79题就应从句子结构分析入手。
2．注意若干一致性问题
一致性问题也是短文改错题常见的测试点。尤其要注意平行和并列结构。在做题的过程中，主要查看主谓是否一致，代词与所指代物是否一致，比较对象和范围是否一致，时态是否呼应，逻辑和语篇结构是否一致等。如：
Between the two buildings stand a hospital.
解析：stand改为stands，此句为倒装句子，主语应改为hospital，而非buildings。
Both of his parents were ill, so he sent for a doctor to see him.
解析：him改为them。父母是两人，应用复数them来代替。
具体就这一篇文章而言，从全局考虑，可以发现许多一致性方面的问题。如第76、80题属于主谓不一致方面的错误，第77题的was与全文时态不一致，第85题的人称不一致。
3．注意词的形式的误用
动词要查看时态、语态、非谓语形式是否误用；名词查看单复数是否误用；冠词要查看是否漏掉或误用；介词要查看搭配是否误用；形容词、副词要查看三级及相互之间是否误用。如：
She looked angrily at the news on the radio.
解析： "at the news"相当于 "on hearing the news", 故looked为连系动词，后面要求接形容词，angrily应该改为angry。
A 18-meter-long bridge will be built here.
解析：A改为 an。“18”的英语读音以元音开头。
本篇第76的错误题为名词复数误用单数，第84题的错误是误用了动词不定式。
4．注意从（分）句的连接是否恰当
要注意那些表示因果、让步、递进、转折、并列等关系的连接词的使用是否恰当，是否有遗漏或误用现象。如：He knows a lot about radio, and he is young.
解析：and改为though。后面意义转折。本篇第81题as 误用为as if。
5．注意行文逻辑、一般常识及固定搭配
逻辑方面的错误，应该从语境的角度来考虑。如：
He hardly did physical exercise, so he became as strong as a horse.
解析：既然几乎不进行体育锻炼，又怎么会强壮如牛呢？这样的说法前后矛盾，不合逻辑，故so改为but。
It’s two years since his husband died.
解析：“他”怎么会有“husband”呢？his改为her。
至于固定搭配方面的问题，只要平时记熟，正确判断并加以改正是不难的。例如第83题，如果知道“用钱”介词搭配为with the money，就可以把题做对了。
四、短文改错应注意的几个问题
1．整句理解，分行搜索
短文改错的命题形式是在文章的后面划出标有题号的10行横线供我们作答。10行的划线与句子的始末并非一致。也就是说，短文改错是以句为阅读单位，以行为解题单位。这就要求我们在解题时按句子整体理解上下文，在同一行仔细搜索，判断正误。
2. 复读检查，前后贯通
将所改答案放入文中通读一遍，依靠平时积累的词语、语法和惯用法知识及语感，检测修改后的文章看是否通达顺畅。复读过程中，既要重视词语、句子的字面含义，又要弄清文字段落内在的含义和逻辑关系，以及结构的完整、规范。如发现语句不通或不合逻辑，则应重新修改。
3．注意五个不改
单词拼写不改；大小写不改：次序错误不改（应从错词或少词方面去考虑）；标点符号不改，可改可不改的不改。
4． 注意解题规范
要严格按照示范规定的符号改错，切勿离开文后的10道横线在原文的字里行间勾勾划划、涂涂改改。要记住，“√”、“—”、“∧”、“\”分别代表正确无误、错词纠正、缺词填补、多词删除，切忌用文字说明或用箭头表示。例如以下做法是错误的，在高考中是要扣分的：
1. Many people are like sports all over the world. 去掉are
2. Therefore, there are still some countries where people have shorter lives.Therefore 改为 However
3. I got lost and had to ask a policeman for help. 正确
4. But how sleep do we actually need? 在sleep 前加much
1．词法： 动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法（尤其是时态与非谓语动词）；名词、代词的数和格；冠词的基本用法；形容词、副词的比较等级；主谓一致和其它的一致关系；连词、关系词的使用等。
2．句法：简单句、复合句、否定句、疑问句、省略、替代等；转折、时间的顺序、数量的增减以及因果的倒置等。
二、错误类型分析
短文改错的错误类型相对稳定，通常错词为六行，多词和漏词共三行，正确为一行。
1． 漏词
漏词是指句中漏掉了必不可少的词语，导致句子结构和意义不完整。这类词多为功能词，如系动词be、冠词、物主代词、介词及不定式符号 to等。
例1 I looked at the orange drink and decided I couldn’t face it, so I hid the glass behind a pile magazines.
解析：a pile加of才能接名词，故在pile后加of 。
例2 The day before the speech contest English teacher talked to me. (NMET 2000)
解析：可数名词前应有限定词修饰，根据文意应为my English teacher。
例3 I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home and.... (NMET 2005 全国卷III)
解析：journey应为可数名词，故在pleasant前加不定冠词a。
例4 My parents love me dearly of course and will do what they can make sure that I get a good education. (NMET 2001)
解析：本句中can后省掉了与前面相同的实义动词do，后面的不定式to make作状语，故应在make前加to。
例5 I’m writing to ask you come to our class for a visit.(NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：ask后应接带to的动词不定式做宾补，故应在come前加to。
2． 多词
多词错误是指受汉语的干扰和影响，而出现英语汉语化表达方式造成冗言，这些词多为冠词、介词、代词或连词等。
例1 Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. (NMET 2000)
解析：catch sight of 为固定词组，意为“看到”，故将不定冠词a去掉。
例2 But we don’t seem to get much time to talk about together. (NMET 2001)
解析：本句中未交代谈话内容，介词about是多余的，应该去掉。
例3 You will probably want to join in the Stamp Collectors’ Club....(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：club为一组织，加入某一组织用join，应该去掉in。
例4 Since you have visited Greece several times, so I would like you to know...
(NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：本句中已有since引导状语从句，故主句前的so是多余的，应当去掉。
例5 Some students may also to save up for their college or future use. (NMET2005全国)
解析：情态动词后应当直接跟动词原形，故要去掉to。
3．错词
错词的原因很多，归纳起来主要有以下几个方面：
（1） 时态、语态的误用
时态方面的错误主要表现在混淆认知，故意把本应是某种时态的动词错写成另一种时态。语态方面的错误则主要是被动语态和主动语态的混淆。
例1 Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei...The time passes quickly. (NMET 2002)
解析：原文讲的是上周游览峨眉山，所以将passes改为passed 。
例2 I knocked at the door and was delighting when a pleasant old man opened the
door...(NMET 2005江西)
解析：主语是I，句意有被动的意思，故将delighting改为delighted，。
例3 I hoped that you think about my request....( NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：综观全文，此处应是表达现在的愿望，因此把hoped改为hope。
（2） 非谓语动词的误用
非谓语动词主要包括过去分词、现在分词、动词不定式和固定搭配等各种形式的动词，是语法上的一个重要考点。
例1 I was often a little tired after a day’s work and watch TV demands very little effort. (NMET 2002)
解析：动词原形不能作主语，应将watch改为watching 。
例2 Seeing his strong interest in this game of 22 men run after a ball , I...( NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：run应是后置定语，修饰men，故应用running 。
（3）主谓不一致、主语和代词不一致
例1 You will probably want to join the Stamp Collectors’ Club which exist to add more stamps to you collection.(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：句中定语从句的关系代词which代指的club是单数，故谓语动词应用单数，将exist改为 exists。
例2 More and more people start a stamp collection of your own...(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：本句的主语是people，与之相应的代词your应改为their。
例3 Starting your collection of stamps are easy....( NMET 2004浙江)
解析：本句主语是动名词形式的starting，应该作为单数，故将谓语are改为is。
（4）形容词和副词及其比较等级（包括原级、比较级、最高级）的误用
例1 We hope you’ll teach us a lot many songs in the future. (NMET2005山东)
解析：根据上下文可知，本句的意思是，在聚会上学习了歌曲，希望未来能学得更多。a lot作为副词，可以修饰比较级，故应改many为more.
例2 I hope that you think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly. (NMET 2006浙江)
解析：as ... as（尽可能......）结构中后一个as后要用形容词，故将possibly改为possible。
例3 Football is not too badly as long as.... (NMET 2005浙江)
解析：副词不能做表语，形容词可以做表语，故改badly为bad 。
（5）动词的-ing形式和 -ed形式形容词混淆
例1 I found the game excited. (NMET 2005浙江)
解析：the game是“令人激动的”故用exciting。
例2 ...which is both interested and fun.(NMET 2004浙江)
解析：which所指的hobby是“令人感兴趣的”，故用interesting。
（6）连接词的误用
例1 The food was expensive and the service was good. (NMET 2002)
解析：The food was expensive与the service was good 是转折关系，不是并列关系,故应将and改为 but.
例2 I told Mother, Father, Sister and all my friends that a great time I had. (NMET 1996)
解析：此句中含一个感叹句作told的宾语，故应将that改为what才正确。
例3 Therefore, my father loves football.(NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：综观全文，本句应为转折意，改Therefore为However 。
(7) 动词与介词、副词搭配错误
例1 Could you share your experiences for us? (NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：“与某人分享某物”是share sth. with sb.，故改for为with 。
例2 ...can all provide you for stamps from all over the world.( NMET 2004 浙江)
解析：“为某人提供某物”是provide sb. with sth.，改for为 with 。
(8) 思维定势的干扰
例 I also enjoyed the evening when we spent together .(NMET1995)
解析：尽管evening是时间名词，但是spend是及物动词，需要关系代词作宾语，故应将when改为that或者将when去掉。
(9）句式结构中平行、并列关系混乱
例1 I still remember going there early and felt anxious about the new world.
(NMET2005辽宁)
解析：句中going与feeling平行，改felt为feeling。
例2 As we climbed the mountains, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.
(NMET2002)
解析：句中用了三个并列的谓语动词，故应将visiting改为visited.
例3 At first I was not quite willing to sit down and watched the 90-minute football match.
(NMET 2005 浙江)
解析：句中watched 与sit down 并列，应该保持一致，故应改为watch。
(10）行文逻辑错误
例1 ... selling the TV set. Now someone at home reads instead. (NMET 1999)
解析 根据上下文可知，电视机卖掉以后，全家人都看书，所以将someone改为everyone 。
例2 I would like to know whether you have seen the old buildings here. (NMET 2006 浙江)
解析：根据文章的上下文讲到要了解希腊的文化历史，当然是“你是否见过那儿的古老建筑”，改here为there 。
三、解题思路点拨
下面以2005年全国高考英语短文改错为例来谈谈解题技巧。
There are advantage for students to work 76. ____________
while studying at school. One of them was 77. ____________
that they can earn money. For the most part, 78. ____________
students working to earn money for their 79. ____________
own use. Earning their own money allow 80. ____________
them to spend on anything as if they please. 81. ____________
They would have to ask their parents for 82. ____________
money or for permission to do things by 83 .____________
the money. Some students may also to save 84. ____________
up for our college or future use. 85. ____________
1．注意语篇环境，侧重语法分析
首先，要认真阅读全文，弄懂文意，了解文章所创设的语言环境，为正确判断创造条件。做题时，眼光不能只盯在单句上，要避免出现“只见树木，不见森林”的现象，从整体的角度，跨越句子层次分析考虑问题。如第82题，如果眼光只局限于当前句，恐怕很难发现错误。做题时思考的切入点应放在语法分析上，如第79题就应从句子结构分析入手。
2．注意若干一致性问题
一致性问题也是短文改错题常见的测试点。尤其要注意平行和并列结构。在做题的过程中，主要查看主谓是否一致，代词与所指代物是否一致，比较对象和范围是否一致，时态是否呼应，逻辑和语篇结构是否一致等。如：
Between the two buildings stand a hospital.
解析：stand改为stands，此句为倒装句子，主语应改为hospital，而非buildings。
Both of his parents were ill, so he sent for a doctor to see him.
解析：him改为them。父母是两人，应用复数them来代替。
具体就这一篇文章而言，从全局考虑，可以发现许多一致性方面的问题。如第76、80题属于主谓不一致方面的错误，第77题的was与全文时态不一致，第85题的人称不一致。
3．注意词的形式的误用
动词要查看时态、语态、非谓语形式是否误用；名词查看单复数是否误用；冠词要查看是否漏掉或误用；介词要查看搭配是否误用；形容词、副词要查看三级及相互之间是否误用。如：
She looked angrily at the news on the radio.
解析： "at the news"相当于 "on hearing the news", 故looked为连系动词，后面要求接形容词，angrily应该改为angry。
A 18-meter-long bridge will be built here.
解析：A改为 an。“18”的英语读音以元音开头。
本篇第76的错误题为名词复数误用单数，第84题的错误是误用了动词不定式。
4．注意从（分）句的连接是否恰当
要注意那些表示因果、让步、递进、转折、并列等关系的连接词的使用是否恰当，是否有遗漏或误用现象。如：He knows a lot about radio, and he is young.
解析：and改为though。后面意义转折。本篇第81题as 误用为as if。
5．注意行文逻辑、一般常识及固定搭配
逻辑方面的错误，应该从语境的角度来考虑。如：
He hardly did physical exercise, so he became as strong as a horse.
解析：既然几乎不进行体育锻炼，又怎么会强壮如牛呢？这样的说法前后矛盾，不合逻辑，故so改为but。
It’s two years since his husband died.
解析：“他”怎么会有“husband”呢？his改为her。
至于固定搭配方面的问题，只要平时记熟，正确判断并加以改正是不难的。例如第83题，如果知道“用钱”介词搭配为with the money，就可以把题做对了。
四、短文改错应注意的几个问题
1．整句理解，分行搜索
短文改错的命题形式是在文章的后面划出标有题号的10行横线供我们作答。10行的划线与句子的始末并非一致。也就是说，短文改错是以句为阅读单位，以行为解题单位。这就要求我们在解题时按句子整体理解上下文，在同一行仔细搜索，判断正误。
2. 复读检查，前后贯通
将所改答案放入文中通读一遍，依靠平时积累的词语、语法和惯用法知识及语感，检测修改后的文章看是否通达顺畅。复读过程中，既要重视词语、句子的字面含义，又要弄清文字段落内在的含义和逻辑关系，以及结构的完整、规范。如发现语句不通或不合逻辑，则应重新修改。
3．注意五个不改
单词拼写不改；大小写不改：次序错误不改（应从错词或少词方面去考虑）；标点符号不改，可改可不改的不改。
4． 注意解题规范
要严格按照示范规定的符号改错，切勿离开文后的10道横线在原文的字里行间勾勾划划、涂涂改改。要记住，“√”、“—”、“∧”、“\”分别代表正确无误、错词纠正、缺词填补、多词删除，切忌用文字说明或用箭头表示。例如以下做法是错误的，在高考中是要扣分的：
1. Many people are like sports all over the world. 去掉are
2. Therefore, there are still some countries where people have shorter lives.Therefore 改为 However
3. I got lost and had to ask a policeman for help. 正确
4. But how sleep do we actually need? 在sleep 前加much