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定语从句在近十年的高考中总是必考点。其命题特点是在较为复杂的语境中从语法的功能方面准确地把握句子结构和关系的用法。尤其是考察考生对定语从句与状语、名词性从句和强调句型的区别能力。许多学生在领会定语从句容易犯下列错误:
易错点一:不会选择正确的关系词。
例1:Put the book________it should when you have finished reading it.
A. where B. in which
C. at the place D. the place where
解析:此题答案为A,但where并非引导一个定语从句,而是一个地点状语从句。学生极易选B及C。选B错在in which若引导定语从句,其前的先行词不可省,而book不能为表地点的先行词;选C若看成一个定语从句,倒是有了先行词the place,但定语从句引导词在从句中要作表语,此时引导词不能省;引导词能省略的情况是引导词在从句中作宾语的时候。
例2: I can never forget the day ________we worked together and the day________we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; what D. on which; when
解析:此题答案为A,学生易选成B。这里面特别要注意定语从句“关系词”的第三种功能即引导词要在从句中作适当的成份。work为不及物动词,不可能再由which作它的宾词,when刚好能代替the day又可作从句中时间状语,故前面为when;后一空中which能作spend这一及物动词的宾词,故答案为A。
解决方案:领会关系词的三种功能为:①在从句开头引导一个定语从句;②指代或替代“先行词”且先行词绝不能省略,引导词有时可省略;③在定语从句中作适当成份。
[即时巩固练习]
1. We will put off the picnic next week, ________the weather may be better.
A. where B. when
C. which D. that
2. The machines we use today are much better than ________we used ten years ago.
A. those B. ones
C. which D. them
3. The day finally came ________she went to college.
A. that B. but
C. so D. when
4. The Queen will visit the town in May, ________she will open the new hospital.
A. when B. then
C. while D. as
5. Would you please put the book ________ it belongs?
A. to whom B. to which
C. to that D. where
易错点二:不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构。学生们极易弄混定语从句与强调结构,定语从句与状语从句、表语从句等间的区别。
例3: Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem ________none of us workde out.
A. that B. asC. so that D. which
解析:此题选B而易误选为A,选A是把as引导的定语从句与“so / such…that…”结果状语从句弄混淆了。so 修饰先行词时用as引导定语从句且as刚好能作“worked out”这一及物性动词短语的宾语,故as正确;而选A则只能为“如此……以至于……”的结果状语从句,此时that不在从句中做成分,故此时worked out 缺少宾语,因而选that错误。
解决方案:定语从句前必须有个先行词,而且先行词应充当从句的某个成分。判断是否是强调句型的方法是采用删除法,即去掉it is / was及连接词部分,若整个句子结构和意义不受影响则为强调结构。状语从句没有先行词且关系词不做从句的任何成份。
[即时巩固练习]
6. Many old people like to live________there are many trees and flowers.
A. in which B. in that
C. which D. where
7. Was it in the villagewe used to live in ________the accident happened?
A. where; that B. which; that
C. that; where D. where; which
8. He is such a funny sort of person________ I don’t understand at all.
A. who B. that
C. whom D. as
9. Is this hotel ________you said we were to stay in your letter?
A. where B. which
C. in that D. in which
易错点三:不注意标点符号。
标点符号在定语从句中,尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大,又极易被学生忽视。许多学生不注意符号的特定作用,只要主从句指代无误,翻译通顺就可以,因而易导致错误。
一般情况下两句话间以逗号连接,则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外);另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
例4:(NMET99) Carol said the work would be done by October,________ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
解析:此题答案为D,而易错选为A及B。据逗号可知两句间应为主从句关系,即后一部份只能为一从属于单一句子的从句,而which能引导非限制性定语从句,代替前面整句话情况且充当doubt的宾语,故D正确。that不能引导非限制性定语从句,it可作主语却无法引导一个从句。此题如果一定要用it代替前面一句话,则可考虑改为:Carol…by October and personally I doubt it very much.
例5:(上海94)________ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 year’s time.
A. ThatB. ThisC. AsD. It
解析:此题学生极易混淆为“it is known that…”句型。依据逗号可知,前一部分应为一从句,而it不能引导从句,that不能引导非限制定性定语从句,故答案为C。
解决方案:一般情况下两句话间以逗号连接,则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外);另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
[即时巩固练习]
10. In our school there are 2000 students. About two fifth of ________ are girls.
A. whom B. who
C. which D. them
11. Deal’s going to join us,________was agreed on the day before yesterday.
A. it B. thatC. whatD. as
12. It is said that we will move into the new school next term, ________it will be completely finished.
A. by the time B. by which time
C. by that time D. by this time
易错点四:不注意介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句时的介词的习惯搭配。往往不知道关系代词前面应该加上与从句中谓语动词意义相符的介词。
例6: The train________she is traveling is arriving.
A. by which B. in which
C. that D. which
解析:此题表乘车的搭配有by train 及in / on the train两种,但which 代替的为the train, 用by which 则等于用by the train,可知其中多了一个the, 故只好造B项(in which = in the train)。
解决方案:一般来说选择合适的介词依据如下四点:①介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯搭配;②介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配;③介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语;④表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时用介词of。
[即时巩固练习]
13. The police arrived, ________the situation became calmer.
A. when B. where
C. which D. after which
14. She liked to tell the same story again and again ________ we had got tired.
A. when B. that
C. which D. of which
易错点五:不能准确断句,甚至疏忽句子的结构。
许多学生因粗心或因对句子结构理解不清而易出现一些错误。
例7: The rich, for ________ money was not a problem, wanted to stay at an expensive hotel.
A. theirB. hisC. whoseD. whom
解析:此题学生易把for看作表原因而选A,却不知for表原因往往表达的是推测原因或补充原因;又易看到whose可以修饰money而选whose,两种错误的原因在于断句不清,此句应断句为Money was not a problem for the rich. for 表“对于”,故答案为D。
例8: I can still remember the sitting-room,________ my brother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. which B. when
C. that D. where
解析:许多学生易将sit in 看作是连在一起的短语而选答案A,而实际上in与the evening 是连在一起的,故答案为D。解决方案:一般来说选择合适的介词依据如下四点:①介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯搭配;②介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配;③介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语;④表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时用介词of。
例9. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,________over 600 years old.
A. all of them B. all of which
C. all of it D. none of which
解析:此题中over 600 years old前根本无be动词,不能构成一个句子,故不能看作常规的定语从句而选B,而只能选A,此时逗号后一部份只是一个补充说明前面句子的短语。
例10: (NMET89)All ________is needed is a supply of oil.
A. 不填B. thatC. whatD. which
许多学生知道what 可引导主语从句即可说what is needed is a supply of oil,因而认为其前面加all修饰也行,其实主语从句连接词前是不能加任何修饰词的;也易选成A,此时句子结构有问题,因为有两个be动词,而它们并非并列谓语,也不是分别出现在主从句中的,故句子结构错误。答案应为B,因为先行词为不定代词时,定语从句的引导词用that。
解决方案:要分清限定性与非限定性,学会分析句子成份,先从简单分析起,再分析复合句中的分句之间的关系,同时能正确看待定语从句与名词性从句之间的相似点和本质的区别,注意一些特别的用法和陷阱题。
[即时巩固练习]
15. Next winter,________you will spend in Harbin, I’m sure will be another exciting holiday.
A. which B. when
C. in which D. where
16. Madam Curie, for________life had once been very hard, was successful later.
A. whom B. which
C. whose D. that
17. Last night I saw the man________you said was away.
A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. as
18. When we asked him, he told us________he had done.
A. that all B. all that
C. all which D. what all
参考答案:
1-5 BADAD 6-10DBDAD
11-15 DBDDA 16-18AAB
易错点一:不会选择正确的关系词。
例1:Put the book________it should when you have finished reading it.
A. where B. in which
C. at the place D. the place where
解析:此题答案为A,但where并非引导一个定语从句,而是一个地点状语从句。学生极易选B及C。选B错在in which若引导定语从句,其前的先行词不可省,而book不能为表地点的先行词;选C若看成一个定语从句,倒是有了先行词the place,但定语从句引导词在从句中要作表语,此时引导词不能省;引导词能省略的情况是引导词在从句中作宾语的时候。
例2: I can never forget the day ________we worked together and the day________we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when
C. what; what D. on which; when
解析:此题答案为A,学生易选成B。这里面特别要注意定语从句“关系词”的第三种功能即引导词要在从句中作适当的成份。work为不及物动词,不可能再由which作它的宾词,when刚好能代替the day又可作从句中时间状语,故前面为when;后一空中which能作spend这一及物动词的宾词,故答案为A。
解决方案:领会关系词的三种功能为:①在从句开头引导一个定语从句;②指代或替代“先行词”且先行词绝不能省略,引导词有时可省略;③在定语从句中作适当成份。
[即时巩固练习]
1. We will put off the picnic next week, ________the weather may be better.
A. where B. when
C. which D. that
2. The machines we use today are much better than ________we used ten years ago.
A. those B. ones
C. which D. them
3. The day finally came ________she went to college.
A. that B. but
C. so D. when
4. The Queen will visit the town in May, ________she will open the new hospital.
A. when B. then
C. while D. as
5. Would you please put the book ________ it belongs?
A. to whom B. to which
C. to that D. where
易错点二:不能区别定语从句与别的从句或结构。学生们极易弄混定语从句与强调结构,定语从句与状语从句、表语从句等间的区别。
例3: Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem ________none of us workde out.
A. that B. asC. so that D. which
解析:此题选B而易误选为A,选A是把as引导的定语从句与“so / such…that…”结果状语从句弄混淆了。so 修饰先行词时用as引导定语从句且as刚好能作“worked out”这一及物性动词短语的宾语,故as正确;而选A则只能为“如此……以至于……”的结果状语从句,此时that不在从句中做成分,故此时worked out 缺少宾语,因而选that错误。
解决方案:定语从句前必须有个先行词,而且先行词应充当从句的某个成分。判断是否是强调句型的方法是采用删除法,即去掉it is / was及连接词部分,若整个句子结构和意义不受影响则为强调结构。状语从句没有先行词且关系词不做从句的任何成份。
[即时巩固练习]
6. Many old people like to live________there are many trees and flowers.
A. in which B. in that
C. which D. where
7. Was it in the villagewe used to live in ________the accident happened?
A. where; that B. which; that
C. that; where D. where; which
8. He is such a funny sort of person________ I don’t understand at all.
A. who B. that
C. whom D. as
9. Is this hotel ________you said we were to stay in your letter?
A. where B. which
C. in that D. in which
易错点三:不注意标点符号。
标点符号在定语从句中,尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大,又极易被学生忽视。许多学生不注意符号的特定作用,只要主从句指代无误,翻译通顺就可以,因而易导致错误。
一般情况下两句话间以逗号连接,则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外);另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
例4:(NMET99) Carol said the work would be done by October,________ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
解析:此题答案为D,而易错选为A及B。据逗号可知两句间应为主从句关系,即后一部份只能为一从属于单一句子的从句,而which能引导非限制性定语从句,代替前面整句话情况且充当doubt的宾语,故D正确。that不能引导非限制性定语从句,it可作主语却无法引导一个从句。此题如果一定要用it代替前面一句话,则可考虑改为:Carol…by October and personally I doubt it very much.
例5:(上海94)________ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 year’s time.
A. ThatB. ThisC. AsD. It
解析:此题学生极易混淆为“it is known that…”句型。依据逗号可知,前一部分应为一从句,而it不能引导从句,that不能引导非限制定性定语从句,故答案为C。
解决方案:一般情况下两句话间以逗号连接,则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外);另外that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
[即时巩固练习]
10. In our school there are 2000 students. About two fifth of ________ are girls.
A. whom B. who
C. which D. them
11. Deal’s going to join us,________was agreed on the day before yesterday.
A. it B. thatC. whatD. as
12. It is said that we will move into the new school next term, ________it will be completely finished.
A. by the time B. by which time
C. by that time D. by this time
易错点四:不注意介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句时的介词的习惯搭配。往往不知道关系代词前面应该加上与从句中谓语动词意义相符的介词。
例6: The train________she is traveling is arriving.
A. by which B. in which
C. that D. which
解析:此题表乘车的搭配有by train 及in / on the train两种,但which 代替的为the train, 用by which 则等于用by the train,可知其中多了一个the, 故只好造B项(in which = in the train)。
解决方案:一般来说选择合适的介词依据如下四点:①介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯搭配;②介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配;③介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语;④表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时用介词of。
[即时巩固练习]
13. The police arrived, ________the situation became calmer.
A. when B. where
C. which D. after which
14. She liked to tell the same story again and again ________ we had got tired.
A. when B. that
C. which D. of which
易错点五:不能准确断句,甚至疏忽句子的结构。
许多学生因粗心或因对句子结构理解不清而易出现一些错误。
例7: The rich, for ________ money was not a problem, wanted to stay at an expensive hotel.
A. theirB. hisC. whoseD. whom
解析:此题学生易把for看作表原因而选A,却不知for表原因往往表达的是推测原因或补充原因;又易看到whose可以修饰money而选whose,两种错误的原因在于断句不清,此句应断句为Money was not a problem for the rich. for 表“对于”,故答案为D。
例8: I can still remember the sitting-room,________ my brother and I used to sit in the evening.
A. which B. when
C. that D. where
解析:许多学生易将sit in 看作是连在一起的短语而选答案A,而实际上in与the evening 是连在一起的,故答案为D。解决方案:一般来说选择合适的介词依据如下四点:①介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯搭配;②介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配;③介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语;④表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时用介词of。
例9. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies,________over 600 years old.
A. all of them B. all of which
C. all of it D. none of which
解析:此题中over 600 years old前根本无be动词,不能构成一个句子,故不能看作常规的定语从句而选B,而只能选A,此时逗号后一部份只是一个补充说明前面句子的短语。
例10: (NMET89)All ________is needed is a supply of oil.
A. 不填B. thatC. whatD. which
许多学生知道what 可引导主语从句即可说what is needed is a supply of oil,因而认为其前面加all修饰也行,其实主语从句连接词前是不能加任何修饰词的;也易选成A,此时句子结构有问题,因为有两个be动词,而它们并非并列谓语,也不是分别出现在主从句中的,故句子结构错误。答案应为B,因为先行词为不定代词时,定语从句的引导词用that。
解决方案:要分清限定性与非限定性,学会分析句子成份,先从简单分析起,再分析复合句中的分句之间的关系,同时能正确看待定语从句与名词性从句之间的相似点和本质的区别,注意一些特别的用法和陷阱题。
[即时巩固练习]
15. Next winter,________you will spend in Harbin, I’m sure will be another exciting holiday.
A. which B. when
C. in which D. where
16. Madam Curie, for________life had once been very hard, was successful later.
A. whom B. which
C. whose D. that
17. Last night I saw the man________you said was away.
A. whoB. whomC. whoseD. as
18. When we asked him, he told us________he had done.
A. that all B. all that
C. all which D. what all
参考答案:
1-5 BADAD 6-10DBDAD
11-15 DBDDA 16-18AAB