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[摘要]分析类似“It’s essental to book in advance“和“She is not easy for us to dealwith“这种常有“…adj. (…) to V.”形式结构的句子，to V和adj的作用并不完全相同
[关键词]“…adj. (…) to V.” 宾语 补语 状语
在教学中，我们会经常遇到类似It’s essental to book in advance和She is not easy for us to dealwith这种常有“…adj. (…) to V.”形式结构的句子，且用法相当普遍。如果我们认真分析一下，就不难发现在这一结构形式中，to V和adj的作用并不完全相同。我们从下面几个方面探讨这一结构的具体用法。
一、用在It is(was) /It must be/It seems to V.结构中，这种结构中的adj.应为表示重要性、紧迫性、可能性、用处/益处、正常性、频繁性、适宜性以及表示感情反应变化的形容词
例如：(1) It is important to learn English.
(2) It is easy to teach Mary.
(3) It must be hard to climb the mountain.
(4) It is nasty to drink dirty water.
从上面例句中我们可以看出，it仅为形式主语，to learn English, to teach Mary, to climb the mountain, to drink dirty water,分别是句中的真正主语，而形容词important，easy, hard, nasty又同前面的系动词一起构成句中的复合谓语。
二、用在说明主语的情绪和愿望的形容词adj. to V.结构中，to V.作“be adj.”的宾语
例如：(1) We are ready to make the attempt.
(2) We were sorry not to be there.
(3) He is anxious to see her.
(4) I’m determined to finish the work tonight.
三、用在表示主语意愿、能力、可能性等的形容词adj. to V.结构中，to V.用作adj.的补语，同时又和adj.一起构成句子的谓语。
例如：(1) He was very reluctant to help.
(2) Jenny is able to do it on her own.
(3) I’m inclined to get tired easily.
(4) Julian is liable to shout when angry.
以上四句中的to V,即to help, to do it on her own, to get tired easily及 to shout when angry，补充其相应的形容词reluctant, able, inclined, liable，并同它们一起构成句子的谓语。
四、用在以-ed形式出现的形容词adj. to V.结构中这些以-ed形式出现的形容词说明句中主语对事件的反应，并同句中系动词一起充当句子复合谓语
To V.用作句子的状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。这时to V.短语可以被其相应的状语从句所替代。
例如：(1) They must be disappointed to find him out.
(2) John was very pleased to be given the job.
(3) I was surprised to see how angry he was.
这三句中的to find him out, to be given the job及to see how angry th was都是用作句中的状语。它们分别理解为：
(1) They must be disappointed if they find him out.
(2) John was very pleased because/when he was given the job.
(3) I was surprised as I saw how angry he was.
再来看看这些状语从句的to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作的时间的关系。第（1）句条件状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作是指将来可能发生的动作，对未来可能产生的情绪作一推测，因而这两个动作几乎同时发生；第（2）句原因状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句谓语所表示的动作几乎同时发生或者可以说发生在它之前；第（3）句时间状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作几乎同时发生。
五、用在adj. enough to V和too adj. to V结构中，其中adj.说明句子主语的特性、特点，和系动词一起充当句子复合谓语，to V为表示结果或程度的状语，可以用so(…) that引导的结果/程度状语替代
例如：(1) Is the water warm enough to swim in?
(2) He was lucky enough to win the prize.
(3) I’m too old to kick up my heels.
上面三句中的warm, lucky, old说明其主语water,he及I的特性或特点，分别与is, was, am一起充当句子的复合谓语；而to swim, to win the prize及to kick up my heels分别作句中的状语，表示结果或程度，这三句可能用英语解释为：
(1) Is the water warm enough so that Ican swim in?
(2) He was so lucky that he won the prize.
(3) I’m so old that I can’t kick up my heels.
六、用在so adj. as to V结构中，其中adj.说明主语的特性，to V为表结果的状语
例如：The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible.
这句话可以理解为：
The rain was so heavy that it was impossible to picnic.
但应注意：so kind as to这个套语有时用来请求别人做革件事情。例如：Would you be so kind as to open the door for me?
七、其它情况
1.adj.用来对to V所表示的动作起论断作用，句子的主语是to V的邏辑宾语。例如：
(1) Relativity theory isn’t easy to understand.
(2) The text is terribly interesting to learn.
(3)The garden is not bad to play in.
以上三句中的theory, the text, the garden是句中to V,即to understand, to learn, to play in的逻辑宾语，形容词easy, interesting和bad对这些to V所表示的动作起论断作用。这些情况下的to V.不能省略。
2.adj.不是用来对to V所表示的动作起论断作用，而是用来说明句子主语的特征。例如：
(1) The dish is delicious ti taste.
(2) The paper is smooth ti touch.
(3) The box is heavy to carry.
这三句中的主语the dish, the paper, the box分别是句中to V,即to taste, to touch, to carry的逻辑宾语，面形容词delicious, smooth,herry不再是对句中起论断作用，而是表示句子主语的特征了。
“…adj. (…) to V.”结构形式中的to V.和adj的作用还有很多，本文只是从个人教学实践中，对其进行简要归纳和浅析。
（作者单位：河南信阳职业技术学院）
[关键词]“…adj. (…) to V.” 宾语 补语 状语
在教学中，我们会经常遇到类似It’s essental to book in advance和She is not easy for us to dealwith这种常有“…adj. (…) to V.”形式结构的句子，且用法相当普遍。如果我们认真分析一下，就不难发现在这一结构形式中，to V和adj的作用并不完全相同。我们从下面几个方面探讨这一结构的具体用法。
一、用在It is(was) /It must be/It seems to V.结构中，这种结构中的adj.应为表示重要性、紧迫性、可能性、用处/益处、正常性、频繁性、适宜性以及表示感情反应变化的形容词
例如：(1) It is important to learn English.
(2) It is easy to teach Mary.
(3) It must be hard to climb the mountain.
(4) It is nasty to drink dirty water.
从上面例句中我们可以看出，it仅为形式主语，to learn English, to teach Mary, to climb the mountain, to drink dirty water,分别是句中的真正主语，而形容词important，easy, hard, nasty又同前面的系动词一起构成句中的复合谓语。
二、用在说明主语的情绪和愿望的形容词adj. to V.结构中，to V.作“be adj.”的宾语
例如：(1) We are ready to make the attempt.
(2) We were sorry not to be there.
(3) He is anxious to see her.
(4) I’m determined to finish the work tonight.
三、用在表示主语意愿、能力、可能性等的形容词adj. to V.结构中，to V.用作adj.的补语，同时又和adj.一起构成句子的谓语。
例如：(1) He was very reluctant to help.
(2) Jenny is able to do it on her own.
(3) I’m inclined to get tired easily.
(4) Julian is liable to shout when angry.
以上四句中的to V,即to help, to do it on her own, to get tired easily及 to shout when angry，补充其相应的形容词reluctant, able, inclined, liable，并同它们一起构成句子的谓语。
四、用在以-ed形式出现的形容词adj. to V.结构中这些以-ed形式出现的形容词说明句中主语对事件的反应，并同句中系动词一起充当句子复合谓语
To V.用作句子的状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。这时to V.短语可以被其相应的状语从句所替代。
例如：(1) They must be disappointed to find him out.
(2) John was very pleased to be given the job.
(3) I was surprised to see how angry he was.
这三句中的to find him out, to be given the job及to see how angry th was都是用作句中的状语。它们分别理解为：
(1) They must be disappointed if they find him out.
(2) John was very pleased because/when he was given the job.
(3) I was surprised as I saw how angry he was.
再来看看这些状语从句的to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作的时间的关系。第（1）句条件状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作是指将来可能发生的动作，对未来可能产生的情绪作一推测，因而这两个动作几乎同时发生；第（2）句原因状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句谓语所表示的动作几乎同时发生或者可以说发生在它之前；第（3）句时间状语从句中to V所表示的动作与主句中谓语所表示的动作几乎同时发生。
五、用在adj. enough to V和too adj. to V结构中，其中adj.说明句子主语的特性、特点，和系动词一起充当句子复合谓语，to V为表示结果或程度的状语，可以用so(…) that引导的结果/程度状语替代
例如：(1) Is the water warm enough to swim in?
(2) He was lucky enough to win the prize.
(3) I’m too old to kick up my heels.
上面三句中的warm, lucky, old说明其主语water,he及I的特性或特点，分别与is, was, am一起充当句子的复合谓语；而to swim, to win the prize及to kick up my heels分别作句中的状语，表示结果或程度，这三句可能用英语解释为：
(1) Is the water warm enough so that Ican swim in?
(2) He was so lucky that he won the prize.
(3) I’m so old that I can’t kick up my heels.
六、用在so adj. as to V结构中，其中adj.说明主语的特性，to V为表结果的状语
例如：The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible.
这句话可以理解为：
The rain was so heavy that it was impossible to picnic.
但应注意：so kind as to这个套语有时用来请求别人做革件事情。例如：Would you be so kind as to open the door for me?
七、其它情况
1.adj.用来对to V所表示的动作起论断作用，句子的主语是to V的邏辑宾语。例如：
(1) Relativity theory isn’t easy to understand.
(2) The text is terribly interesting to learn.
(3)The garden is not bad to play in.
以上三句中的theory, the text, the garden是句中to V,即to understand, to learn, to play in的逻辑宾语，形容词easy, interesting和bad对这些to V所表示的动作起论断作用。这些情况下的to V.不能省略。
2.adj.不是用来对to V所表示的动作起论断作用，而是用来说明句子主语的特征。例如：
(1) The dish is delicious ti taste.
(2) The paper is smooth ti touch.
(3) The box is heavy to carry.
这三句中的主语the dish, the paper, the box分别是句中to V,即to taste, to touch, to carry的逻辑宾语，面形容词delicious, smooth,herry不再是对句中起论断作用，而是表示句子主语的特征了。
“…adj. (…) to V.”结构形式中的to V.和adj的作用还有很多，本文只是从个人教学实践中，对其进行简要归纳和浅析。
（作者单位：河南信阳职业技术学院）