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情态动词的完成时是情态动词常考考点之一。它既是学习的重点和难点,也是同学们在考试中的易错点,因此在学习过程中应该引起高度重视。
一、 考点回顾
1. — Tom graduated from college at a
very young age. (2004全国)
— Oh, he________have been a very
smart boy then.
A. couldB. should C. might D. must
解析:答案为D。 此题考查情态动词的用法。对话的意思是“汤姆很小就大学毕业了。哦,那他当时一定是个非常聪明的孩子。”这是后者根据前者所说的情况进行的推测,而且是推测当年的情况,整个句子又是肯定句。而must have done 就是对过去情况的推测。
2. He looks sleepy. He must ________(熬夜) last night ,writing the essay. (stay)(2008湖北)
解析: 答案为have stayed up
此句的意思是“他显得很困倦。他昨天晚上一定在熬夜写论文。”昨晚熬夜是对前面看到的情况的推测。
二、知识梳理
情态动词的完成时表示对已经发生的事情的推测、责怪、后悔、遗憾等。时间是过去的,动作是已经完成的。
1. must have done 表示对过去事情的推测,意思是“一定,必定”。
例如: I didn’t hear the telephone, I must have been asleep.我没有听见电话,我一定是睡着了。
2. can (could) have done 表示本来能做而未做,有时用来提出婉转的批评和表示懊悔。意思是“本该”,“本来可以”。cannot (couldn’t) have done 表示对过去事情的推测,意思是“不可能干出”,“不会做出”。
例如:1) He came here on foot, but he could have come by bus. 他步行来的,但他本可以乘公共汽车来的。
2) It wasn’t a long way. We could have walked there. (We didn’t walk there)这段路不长,我们本可以步行到那儿。
3) He cannot have had supper. 他不可能吃过晚饭。
3. may(might) have done 表示对过去的事情的推测,意思是“或许已经”;也可以表示责备,意为本来可以……(而竟不成)。
例如:You might have told me the news earlier. 你本来可以早点告诉我这个消息的。
4. should have done 表示应该做却没有做;shouldn’t have done 表示不该做的却做了。可以用来表示批评和懊悔。
例如:1) You should have told me the news earlier. (You didn’t tell me earlier) 你应该早点告诉我这个消息。
2) You shouldn’t have kept the book so long. 这本书你不该借那么久。
5. ought to have done 表示该做却未做;ought not have done 表示不该做却做了。
例如:You ought to have finished the project last night. 你本该昨天晚上把这项工作做完的。
You oughtn’t to have done that. 你这样做是不应当的。
6. needn’t have done 表示做了不必做的事,意为“本来不必”。
例如:You needn’t have got up so early today. 你今天本来不必起那么早。
三、巩固练习
1. He is all wet. He________into the lake.
A. must be fallen
B. must fall
C. must have fallen
D. must have been fallen
2. I________my old friend at the station, but I missed him.
A. could see B. could have seen
C. couldn’t have seen D. have seen
3. He is half an hour late. What ________ tohim?
A. can happen
B. must happen
C. must have happened
D. can have happened
4. You ________ five minutes earlier, but youare late again.
A. could have comeB. could come
C. must have come D. have come
5. I am afraid that he________in the exam.
A. have failed B. must have failed
C. must failed D. may have failed
6. Why did you keep it a secret from me? I________about it.
A. ought to have been told
B. should have told
C. must have been told
D. need have told
7. I was really anxious about you. You______home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave
B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left
D. needn’t leave
8. I cannot find my dictionary. Somebody_______ it.
A. would have taken
B. should have taken
C. must have taken
D. could have taken
9. You _______ so early today, because thedoctor told you that you should lie downand rest.
A. needn’t have got up
B. haven’t got up
C. couldn’t have got up
D. mustn’t got up
10. You ________the paper without revising carefully.
A. mustn’t have handed in
B. couldn’t hand in
C. shouldn’t have handed in
D. needn’t handed in
11. If he had been more careful, some mis- takes ________appearing.
A. can be avoided
B. could have been avoided
C. will be avoided
D. would have been avoided
12. I ______ her, but I wasn’t able to.
A. ought to have helped
B. must have helped
C. might help
D. needn’t have helped
13. He was taken away by the police. He ________for a thief.
A. must have mistaken
B. must have been mistaken
C. must be mistaken
D. must mistake
14. — Why are you late?
— Sorry, but I________you that I could come a little later.
A. should tellB. should have told
C. must tell D. would have told
Keys:1-5 CBCAD6-10 ABCAC
11-14 BABB
一、 考点回顾
1. — Tom graduated from college at a
very young age. (2004全国)
— Oh, he________have been a very
smart boy then.
A. couldB. should C. might D. must
解析:答案为D。 此题考查情态动词的用法。对话的意思是“汤姆很小就大学毕业了。哦,那他当时一定是个非常聪明的孩子。”这是后者根据前者所说的情况进行的推测,而且是推测当年的情况,整个句子又是肯定句。而must have done 就是对过去情况的推测。
2. He looks sleepy. He must ________(熬夜) last night ,writing the essay. (stay)(2008湖北)
解析: 答案为have stayed up
此句的意思是“他显得很困倦。他昨天晚上一定在熬夜写论文。”昨晚熬夜是对前面看到的情况的推测。
二、知识梳理
情态动词的完成时表示对已经发生的事情的推测、责怪、后悔、遗憾等。时间是过去的,动作是已经完成的。
1. must have done 表示对过去事情的推测,意思是“一定,必定”。
例如: I didn’t hear the telephone, I must have been asleep.我没有听见电话,我一定是睡着了。
2. can (could) have done 表示本来能做而未做,有时用来提出婉转的批评和表示懊悔。意思是“本该”,“本来可以”。cannot (couldn’t) have done 表示对过去事情的推测,意思是“不可能干出”,“不会做出”。
例如:1) He came here on foot, but he could have come by bus. 他步行来的,但他本可以乘公共汽车来的。
2) It wasn’t a long way. We could have walked there. (We didn’t walk there)这段路不长,我们本可以步行到那儿。
3) He cannot have had supper. 他不可能吃过晚饭。
3. may(might) have done 表示对过去的事情的推测,意思是“或许已经”;也可以表示责备,意为本来可以……(而竟不成)。
例如:You might have told me the news earlier. 你本来可以早点告诉我这个消息的。
4. should have done 表示应该做却没有做;shouldn’t have done 表示不该做的却做了。可以用来表示批评和懊悔。
例如:1) You should have told me the news earlier. (You didn’t tell me earlier) 你应该早点告诉我这个消息。
2) You shouldn’t have kept the book so long. 这本书你不该借那么久。
5. ought to have done 表示该做却未做;ought not have done 表示不该做却做了。
例如:You ought to have finished the project last night. 你本该昨天晚上把这项工作做完的。
You oughtn’t to have done that. 你这样做是不应当的。
6. needn’t have done 表示做了不必做的事,意为“本来不必”。
例如:You needn’t have got up so early today. 你今天本来不必起那么早。
三、巩固练习
1. He is all wet. He________into the lake.
A. must be fallen
B. must fall
C. must have fallen
D. must have been fallen
2. I________my old friend at the station, but I missed him.
A. could see B. could have seen
C. couldn’t have seen D. have seen
3. He is half an hour late. What ________ tohim?
A. can happen
B. must happen
C. must have happened
D. can have happened
4. You ________ five minutes earlier, but youare late again.
A. could have comeB. could come
C. must have come D. have come
5. I am afraid that he________in the exam.
A. have failed B. must have failed
C. must failed D. may have failed
6. Why did you keep it a secret from me? I________about it.
A. ought to have been told
B. should have told
C. must have been told
D. need have told
7. I was really anxious about you. You______home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave
B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left
D. needn’t leave
8. I cannot find my dictionary. Somebody_______ it.
A. would have taken
B. should have taken
C. must have taken
D. could have taken
9. You _______ so early today, because thedoctor told you that you should lie downand rest.
A. needn’t have got up
B. haven’t got up
C. couldn’t have got up
D. mustn’t got up
10. You ________the paper without revising carefully.
A. mustn’t have handed in
B. couldn’t hand in
C. shouldn’t have handed in
D. needn’t handed in
11. If he had been more careful, some mis- takes ________appearing.
A. can be avoided
B. could have been avoided
C. will be avoided
D. would have been avoided
12. I ______ her, but I wasn’t able to.
A. ought to have helped
B. must have helped
C. might help
D. needn’t have helped
13. He was taken away by the police. He ________for a thief.
A. must have mistaken
B. must have been mistaken
C. must be mistaken
D. must mistake
14. — Why are you late?
— Sorry, but I________you that I could come a little later.
A. should tellB. should have told
C. must tell D. would have told
Keys:1-5 CBCAD6-10 ABCAC
11-14 BABB