遥感影像道路网提取方法研究

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在如今的交通系统中,道路网信息在城市规划、地图构建和智能交通领域的重要性是不容忽视的。一般道路网的构建都是源自于遥感卫星拍摄的高分辨率影像,如何从遥感影像中高效、高精度的提取道路网信息一直是国内外学者热衷的研究方向。在遥感影像的分辨率不断提高的同时,图像中的地物信息也将呈现地更为复杂,对道路的提取工作提出了更高的要求。本文针对现有道路提取研究工作中的不足,在道路的各项基本特征的基础上,重点对高分辨率遥感影像的聚类分割以及结合数学形态学与霍夫变换的道路网提取工作进行了探索与讨论,主要研究内容与成果如下:首先,介绍了课题的研究背景与研究意义,并对一些传统的研究方法进行了概括与分析,描述了道路网提取工作中的难点和一些在算法设计时需要充分考虑的地方,确定了本文的行文流程和技术路线,并对各章节进行了简要的介绍。其次,对传统EM算法估计模型参数上进行了改进,经改进后的算法能够自适应的选择类别进行聚类分割。该算法通过用各像素的贝叶斯后验概率来作为样本数据去拟合高斯混合模型,在EM算法对模型的参数进行估计时候通过模糊理论方法引入像素的空间位置信息,并采用赤池信息准则自适应确定初始分割类别,最后结合最小生成树算法实现对图像中道路目标的最终分割。针对遥感图像的实例应用,对本算法、传统EM算法聚类分割和K-means算法聚类分割方法间做了比较,实验结果表明,改进的方法有效提升了分割的精度,而且在平均分割时间上也有明显的缩短。最后,提出一种多方向多尺度结构算子的闭运算和改进霍夫变换相结合的方法对分割结果图提取道路网信息。此方法是结合道路的光谱、几何、形态和上下文特征,采用多方向多尺度的结构算子按照规则对已分割的道路对像进行基于形态学权重处理的特征提取,然后根据特征提取的各结果进行图像融合,并采用改进的霍夫变换提取道路中直线,结合拓扑连接方向延伸算法在直线的延长线上对符合条件的道路条带断裂处进行连接处理,最终使用骨架提取和修剪提取出道路网的骨架。实验结果表明,本文的提取方法在偏僻路段上有更好的提取效果,能够完整的提取道路网信息,且对地物信息较复杂的城镇道路也有一定的适应性。
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