旧唯物主义的根本缺点是离开社会实践 ,把自然界和人仅看作感性直观的对象 ,并在历史观上陷于唯心主义。 184 5年到 184 6年 ,马克思和恩格斯制定了科学的实践范畴 ,用实践性原则代替了直观性原则 ,用“感性的活动”代替了“感性的对象” ,用唯物史观代替了唯心史观 ,从而实现了对旧唯物主义的超越。这种超越的实质是实践的唯物主义取代了直观的唯物主义 The fundamental disadvantage of old materialism is that it leaves social practice and regards nature and human beings as objects of sensibility and intuition only, and is trapped in idealism in the concept of history. From 1854 to 1846, Marx and Engels formulated scientific practices, replaced the principle of intuition with the principle of practice, replaced “the object of sensibility” with “sensual activity” and replaced the idealistic history with the historical materialism View, thus achieving the transcendence of the old materialism. The essence of this transcendence is the replacement of intuitive materialism by practical materialism