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行为和制度是法学研究民间信仰的两种进路,这两种进路的共性是定义了民间信仰的“事实性”“动态性”和“开放性”。民间信仰是由民间规则、禁忌和习惯构成的以自然万物、鬼神灵异和祖先崇拜为信仰对象的非官方、非组织的制度性事实。从自然崇拜到图腾崇拜再到英雄崇拜,民间信仰和国家权力同步萌生;国家建立之后,国家权力成为民间信仰的构成性要素。民间信仰是一种民间权力,民间信仰的行为和制度又必须以民间权力为基础。面向法治社会的民间信仰必须正确处理政府主导和民间自治之间的关系,政府主导意味着政府必须从民间信仰的权利属性出发,运用法治思维和法治方式制定和实施民间信仰政策。民间信仰的自治不仅需要划定民间信仰的消极自南权领域,更重要的是因应社会发展制定民间信仰自治的章程和规约。
Behavior and system are the two approaches to the study of folk belief in law. The commonalities of these two approaches are the definition of “factuality”, “dynamicness” and “openness” of folk belief. Folk beliefs are unofficial, non-official, institutional facts formed by folk rules, taboos and customs that worship the natural world, spirits and ancestors as objects of faith. From the worship of nature to the cult of totem and then to the worship of heroes, the folk beliefs and state power start to emerge simultaneously. After the establishment of the state, state power has become a constitutive element of folk beliefs. Folk belief is a kind of folk power. The behavior and system of folk belief must be based on civil rights. The folk belief facing the rule of law society must correctly handle the relationship between the government-led and the people’s autonomy. The government-led means that the government must set out and carry out the policy of folk beliefs by using the rule of law and the rule of law. The autonomy of folk beliefs not only requires the delineation of negative self-interest in the area of folk beliefs but more importantly, the formulation of constitutions and statutes on the autonomy of folk beliefs in light of social development.