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“技术革命”和“产业革命”的概念,马克思和恩格斯早就使用过。他们所说的技术革命,应理解为生产的技术基础的改革。他们所说的产业革命,指的是一般生产方式的革命。对18-19世纪的历史考察表明:在产业革命中发生的,不仅是某一产业部门的兴起,而是整个生产方式的变革;在技术革命中发生的,也不仅是某一单项技术的突破,而是整个技术体系的变革以及随之发生的整个生产的技术基础的变动。一般生产方式,包括两个方面:在生产过程中人与自然的结合方式,即“劳动方式”;在生产过程中人与人之间的结合方式,即“协作方式”。产业革命作为一般生产方式的革命,其实质即在于:用新的劳动方式与协作方式的对立统一,代替旧的劳动方式与协作方式的对立统一。技术的发展,也包括两个方面:“技术规范”的建立与完善以及实现这一规范的“技术手段”的发明与发展。在技术体系中,各种技术的地位和作用是不同的。决定技术体系性质,从而也决定生产的技术基础的,是主导技术或主导技术群。技术革命,就是主导技术或主导技术群的更迭,即以新的技术规范与技术手段的对立统一,代替旧的技术规范与技术手段的对立统一。
The concepts of “technological revolution” and “industrial revolution” have long been used by Marx and Engels. What they call the technological revolution should be understood as the technological basis for the reform of production. What they call the industrial revolution refers to the revolution of the general mode of production. The historical examination of the 18th and 19th centuries shows that what happened in the industrial revolution was not only the rise of a certain industrial sector but the change of the entire mode of production. What happened during the technological revolution was not only a breakthrough in a single technology But the changes in the entire technological system and the consequent changes in the technological base of the entire production. The general mode of production includes two aspects: the combination of man and nature in the production process, that is, the “mode of labor”; and the mode of combination between people in the production process, that is, the “mode of cooperation.” The essence of the industrial revolution as a revolution in general mode of production consists in replacing the unity of opposites of the new modes of labor and modes of cooperation with the unity of opposites of the new modes of labor and cooperation. The development of technology also includes two aspects: the establishment and improvement of “technical specifications” and the invention and development of “technical means” for realizing this standard. In the technical system, the status and role of various technologies are different. The nature of the technical system, and thus the technical basis for the production, is the dominant technology or dominant technology group. Technological revolution is the change of leading technology or dominant technology group, that is, the unity of opposites of new technical norms and technical means instead of the unity of opposites of old technical norms and technical means.