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目的探讨深圳市南山区因生产中接触化学毒物引起急性职业病危害的风险,为职业病防治提供依据。方法用Excel建立数据库,分析2009年6月—2011年7月深圳市南山区职业病危害申报和职业卫生监督资料,分析2008—2011年生产企业职业病危害因素检测报告中毒物超标的报告。结果危害企业数、接害人数、超标毒物种类位居首位的是通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,接害人数位居前3位的毒物是铅及其化合物、苯系物、正己烷,苯系物分布范围最广。毒物检测点超标情况:苯时间加权平均(浓度)(TWA)超标1.30～3.93倍,短时间接触浓度(STEL)超标20.50～26.60倍;甲苯TWA超标0.04～3.96倍,STEL超标0.01～5.41倍;二甲苯TWA超标5.68倍;甲醇TWA超标0.30～1.03倍,STEL超标0.51～4.06倍;硫酸及三氧化硫TWA超标0.005～0.16倍;氯化氢及盐酸C-MAC超标1.25倍;锰及其无机化合物TWA超标0.07～22.33倍;铅烟TWA超标1.13～25.33倍,铅尘TWA超标0.02～25.00倍;三氯乙烯TWA超标0.03～25.10倍;一氧化碳STEL超标0.03～1.06倍,正己烷TWA超标0.05～6.28倍;STEL超标0.06～5.70倍。结论通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业属于化学毒物急性职业病危害高风险的行业。三氯乙烯、苯、甲苯等有机溶剂属于急性职业病危害高风险的有害因素。二甲苯、甲醇、一氧化碳、正己烷、硫酸及三氧化硫、氯化氢及盐酸、铅烟等化学毒物急性职业病危害风险依然存在。
Objective To explore the risk of acute occupational hazards caused by exposure to chemical poisons in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, and provide the basis for the prevention and control of occupational diseases. Methods A database was constructed with Excel to analyze the reporting data of occupational hazards and occupational health surveillance in Nanshan District of Shenzhen City from June 2009 to July 2011 and the report on the excess of poisoning in the testing reports of occupational hazards in manufacturing enterprises from 2008 to 2011. Results The number of enterprises that were harmed, the number of people who were harmed, and the number of drugs that exceed the standard rank in the top ranks were in communications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries. The top three poisones were lead and its compounds, benzene, n-hexane , The widest range of benzene compounds distribution. Toxicity detection points exceeded the standard: benzene time weighted average (concentration) (TWA) exceeded 1.30 to 3.93 times the short-term exposure concentration (STEL) exceeded 20.50 to 26.60 times; toluene TWA exceeded 0.04 to 3.96 times the STEL exceed the standard of 0.01 to 5.41 times; TWA exceeding the limit of 5.68 times of TWA; TWA of methanol exceeded 0.30 ~ 1.03 times, STEL exceeded 0.51 ~ 4.06 times; TWA of sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide exceeded 0.005 ~ 0.16 times; Hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid C-MAC exceeded 1.25 times; Exceeding TWD 0.07 ~ 22.33 times; lead TWA exceeded standard 1.13 ~ 25.33 times, lead dust TWA exceeded 0.02 ~ 25.00 times; trichlorethylene TWA excessive 0.03 ~ 25.10 times; STEL exceeded 0.03 ~ 1.06 times higher than normal, hexane hexane TWA exceeded 0.05 ~ 6.28 times ; STEL exceeded 0.06 to 5.70 times. Conclusion Communications equipment, computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries are high-risk industries with acute occupational hazards of chemical toxins. Trichlorethylene, benzene, toluene and other organic solvents are harmful to acute occupational hazards at high risk. There is still a risk of acute occupational hazards such as xylene, methanol, carbon monoxide, n-hexane, sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid, lead smoke and other chemical poisons.