阿片拮抗药和激动—拮抗药可对抗吗啡类μ激动药过量的呼吸抑制作用,但二者均可产生心血管不稳定性、肺水肿、止痛的逆转和死亡等有害副作用。因此在给μ激动药时应做到尽量避免需要使用拮抗药。激动—拮抗药可在平衡麻醉中作为麻醉药使用并已在临床取得成功,但并不比μ激动药有显著的优点。激动—拮抗药的呼吸抑制封顶效应对手术后止痛可能是有利的,然而在较小剂量时产生的呼吸抑制与吗啡是无区别的。 Opiate antagonists and agonist-antagonists counteract the respiratory depression of morphine-type μ agonists, but both can have adverse side effects such as cardiovascular instability, pulmonary edema, analgesia reversal, and death. Therefore, in the μ agonist drugs should be done to avoid the need to use antagonists. Agonist-antagonists can be used as anesthetics in balanced anesthesia and have been clinically successful, but they do not offer significant advantages over muon agonists. Apnea-Respiratory Inhibitory Capping Caps may be beneficial for analgesia after surgery but respiratory inhibition at smaller doses is indistinguishable from morphine.