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铁路运输的供需受经济发展水平、工业化进程、人均收入等诸多因素的影响。中国目前受各种因素影响,铁路运输供需缺口较大。根据实证分析测算,中国目前铁路货运供需缺口率为35.74%,客运供需缺口率为43.09%。导致铁路运输供需缺口长期存在的原因主要是铁路运输企业目标错位,定价机制失效,投资机制扭曲,行业进入壁垒较高等。从根本上解决铁路运输供需缺口问题需要大力推进制度建设和体制改革,包括实施“网运分离”,理顺价格机制;实行激励性规制,消除行政垄断;完善投资体制,促进行业内与行业间的有效竞争等。
The supply and demand of railway transportation are affected by many factors such as the level of economic development, the process of industrialization and per capita income. At present, China is affected by various factors and the gap between supply and demand of rail transport is relatively large. According to the empirical analysis and calculation, the current gap of supply and demand of rail freight in China is 35.74%, and the gap between passenger supply and demand is 43.09%. The main reasons leading to the long-term shortage of supply and demand of rail transport are the misalignment of railway transport enterprises, the failure of pricing mechanism, the distortion of investment mechanism and the high barriers to entry of industries. To fundamentally solve the problem of the gap between supply and demand of railway transportation, we need to make great efforts to promote the system construction and system reform, including the implementation of "separation of transportation from operation of the network, rationalization of the pricing mechanism, implementation of incentive regulation and elimination of administrative monopolies, improvement of the investment system and promotion of intra-industry and inter- Effective competition.