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By-短语可谓英语被动语态的标志之一。英语的被动语态中并不总是含有by-短语,但是by-短语的出现经常表明被动结构中存在着潜藏的主语。认知语法将by-短语理解为正常的间接补语,而不是具有某种特殊地位的成分。本文从by-短语的意义、内部语义结构、与句子其他成分的结合等几方面说明了被动语态中by-短语的认知功能。认知语法认为主动、被动的两句话虽然叙述了同一个客观过程,并且用几乎相同的词汇表述,但是由于射体选择不同,导致语义上不尽相同。作者探讨了该说法,并讨论了射体选择与by-短语的功能在翻译中的应用。
By-phrase can be described as one of the signs of English passive voice. The passive voice of English does not always contain by-phrases, but the appearance of by-phrases often indicates that there are hidden subjects in the passive structure. Cognitive grammar understands the by-phrase as a normal indirect complement rather than as a component of a particular status. This article illustrates the cognitive function of the by-phrase in passive voice in terms of the meaning of the by-phrase, the internal semantic structure, and the combination of the other components of the sentence. Cognitive Grammar holds that both active and passive sentences describe the same objective process and are expressed in almost the same terms, but due to different projectile choices, they lead to different semantics. The author explores this idea and discusses the application of projectile selection and the function of by-phrase in translation.