首先,越来越多的人认识到,“住房”不只是物质的掩蔽之处,还特别包括范围更广的居住环境。正如派奴斯等人(1973)所说:“当住户成为‘住房’的消费者的时候,他们买进或租入韵,不单是居住单元及其设备;他们还关心其他各式各样的因素,如卫生、安全、清静、邻居和社会关系、地位、社区设施和提供的服务、工作机会、以及对环境的控制。凡这些方面有欠缺的 First and foremost, more and more people realize that “housing” is not just a matter of material masking, but especially includes a wider range of living environments. As Poonus et al. (1973) put it: "When tenants become ’home’ consumers, they buy or rent money not just for living units and their equipment; they are also concerned about a variety of other Factors such as health, safety, quietness, neighbors and social relations, status, community facilities and services provided, job opportunities, and the control of the environment.