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18世纪,英国社会稳定,经济迅猛发展。新航路开辟后,海外贸易和殖民扩张带来巨额的原始资本、广阔的原料地和海外市场;圈地运动提供了充足劳动力和一定的国内市场。工场手工业的生产已不能满足市场的需求。因此,工业革命首先在英国发生。技术的变革首先发生在新兴的棉纺织业,随后,冶金、采煤、交通等领域也迎来发明高潮。机器生产标志着生产方式发生了质的变化。1785年,瓦特改良的蒸汽机投入使用,大大推动了机器的发
In the 18th century, British society was stable and its economy developed rapidly. After the opening of the new route, overseas trade and colonial expansion brought huge amounts of original capital, vast raw materials and overseas markets; the enclosure movement provided sufficient labor force and certain domestic markets. Workshop handicraft production has been unable to meet the needs of the market. Therefore, the industrial revolution first took place in England. Technological change first took place in the emerging cotton textile industry. Subsequently, the fields of metallurgy, mining, transportation and so on also ushered in the climax. Machinery production marks a qualitative change in the mode of production. In 1785, Watts improved steam engine was put into use, greatly promoted the hair of the machine