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【摘要】本文通过考察大学英语写作教学的现状,在分析影响写作能力因素的基础上,对西南林业大学2011级B班学生批改网作文进行抽样分析,试探性地提出提高大学英语写作能力的方法。
【关键词】大学英语 写作能力
一、引言
根据大学英语教学大纲的要求,大学生在英语学习过程中要培养较强的阅读能力,一定的听的能力,及初步的写和说的能力。CET-4(大学英语四级考试)的推行有效测试了学生在大学阶段英语学习状况。官方公布的数据显示,CET-4的各项测试题目中写作的平均得分率低于其它各项。从我校四级测试结果及公共外语教学实践来分析,英语写作亦为几项能力最为滞后的环节。作为高校英语教师,我们期望能培养学生写出即合乎语法、意义清晰又具有可读性的文章。本文通过考察大学英语写作教学的现状,在分析影响写作能力因素的基础上,对西南林业大学 2011级B班学生批改网作文进行抽样分析,探索一条提高大学英语写作能力的方法。
二、CET-4写作常见错误分类
1.词法错误(morphological errors)
(1)动词错误。动词错误是四级考试中常见的错误,多出现在完成时态及完成进行时态,主动与被动语态,动词搭配,习惯用法等。在实际教学中,教师应当予以重视。
1)时态错误
例1An overwhelming majority of professors and experts have for years pondered the issue whether or not university students should be allowed to participate in part-time jobs without reaching a definite conclusion.
改正为:have for years pondered→ have been for years pondering
例2I will offer you some constructive suggestions if you will turn to me for help
改正为:will turn to→ turn to
例3Madam Currie will never achieve the goal in the discovery of Radium if she takes the same road as the majority of the women in her time.
改正为:will never achieve→ would never have achieved
takes→ had taken
2)语态错误
例4Only by doing so, will this phenomenon minimize in the near future
改正为:minimize→ be minimized
3) 习惯用法错误
动词与名词搭配误用:
例5 China will spare no effort to correct the situation
改正为:correct→ improve
特殊动词误用:
例6 The negative impact that online shopping has exhibited deserves to pay attention to.
改正为:deserves to pay attention to→ deserves paying attention to
动名词及不定式误用:
例7 I strongly object to put this theory into practice.
改正为:put→ putting
(2)介词错误。由于英汉语的差异,汉语中只有少量的介词,而英语中的介词种类繁多,数量相对较大,故极难掌握,教师在平时的授课中应指导学生进行关注。
例8 The bewilderment that many students possessed on entering into university has now been wiped out.
改正为:entering into→ entering
例9 Parents should avail the opportunities to help children be independent.
改正为:avail the opportunities→ avail themselves of the opportunities
例10 A number of students fail to care others
改正为:care→ care about
(3)冠词错误。相对于其它词类,冠词使用频率最高,其用法常被二语学习者忽视。许多英语专业的研究生对冠词的掌握尚存在问题,非英语专业作文中此类问题更大。因此教师在授课中应花三至四课时对冠词用法进行详细讲解。
例11 Among all the musical instruments,I am more inclined to play guitar.
改正为:guitar→ the guitar
例12 In 1990s,advertising industry did not seize the pubic attention.
改正为:In 1990s In→ the 1990s
(4)惯用法搭配不当。词语的惯用法搭配是英语学习中的一个难点。掌握正确的搭配有助于学生避免由于受汉语语言及文化影响而产生的错误,避免臆想的类推,从而提高运用地道英语进行有效交际的能力,在跨文化交际中游刃有余。
例13 Last years,when I was in Shanghai,I was chopped by a young shopkeeper.
改正为:was chopped by→ was ripped off
2.句法错误(syntactic errors)
(1)主谓语一致错误
例14 The number of car-drivers are increasing rapidly.
改正为:are→ is
例15 There are one boy and twenty-two girls in this class
改正为:There are→ there is
(2)语序错误
例16 On no account we can ignore the corrupting influence the advertising industry has exerted on the young.
改正为:we can→ can we
例17 Only by adopting the measures I have offered above, we can hope to root out this phenomenon.
改正为:we can→ can we
例18 As young he is,he is pretty sociable.
改正为:As young he is→ Young as he is
(3)否定用法错误。常见为用部分否定代替全部否定和否定误用。造成这一现象的原因是望文生义用中文的结构去套用英文的表达方式。
例19 原意:他喜欢这套方案,并不是因为它实用。
表达:He likes the program not because it is practical.
改正为:He does not like the program because it is practical.
(4)虚拟语气用法错误。虚拟语气是英语核心语法内容。许多非英语专业学生难以把握其繁杂知识点,故在造句时错误百出。
例20 It is essential that due attention is given to the current issue.
改正为:is given→ should be given
例21 It is hight time that the government adopts the measures to regulate online shopping.
改正为: adopts→ adopted
(5) 中式英文表达
例22 With the popular more and more large,more and more people need to eat,wash,and to irrigate.
改正为:With the explosion of the population,an increasing number of people need to use water in their daily lives.
3.篇章问题(discourse inadequacy)。笔者曾在2008至2011年三年连续6次批阅全国大学英语四级写作部分,发现篇章问题主要表现为句意连贯性差、前后呼应有问题、思路极其混乱、偏离主题这四个方面。
三、产生错误的原因
1.授课质量的影响。B.W. Robinett(1980: 170~ 174) 指出学习者在某种语言技能方面得到更多的培训或指导, 他定会在这方面掌握最好, 这足以见得教师在学生学习过程中的重要作用。教师组织教学时,首先要遵照教学大纲、以及教材同时受其制约。而目前我们的大纲中却存在/对写作的要求阐述模糊不清、教材中存在写作技巧的编写不太科学等问题(甘文平, 1998: 31)。这导致了课堂写作教学质量不高。而且, 相应地,英语写作对很多大学英语教师来说也属于弱项。因此, 即使他们竭尽全力摸索大学英语写作教学的方法, 却很难作到行之有效地帮助学生快速提高英语写作水平。
2.学习动机影响。中国非外语专业学生的外语学习动机大多属于工具性动机,他们学习外语的目标只是想通过考试, 以求毕业后找一份好工作。具体到写作, 动机则更显薄弱了。可以理解, 既然目标是通过考试, 而写作分值比例在考卷中所占极少(CET-4中写作占15%), 费时却并无法保证分数, 因此很多学生都放弃这一部分,从而去花时间抓阅读听力。结果可想而知,大批学生疏于写作练习,长此以往,大学时写作水平竟低于高中时的写作水平。
四、提高写作能力的方法
1.教师授课时注重语法讲解,尤其注意培养学生的构句能力。
2.教师应认真批改每位学生的作文,保证每学期批改每位同学五至八篇作文。笔者发现,学生对自己的错误尤其关注。因此批改作文时亦能对学生写作起到监督作用。
3.为大学英语学生开设有关写作技巧的讲座或公共选修课。
4.学校可定期举行写作比赛并扩大参与度。
参考文献:
[1]Jack.C. Richards. Error Analysis. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1974
[2]Lally, C. G. (2000). First language influences in second language composition: The effect of pre-writing. Foreign Language Annuals, 33 (4), 428-432.
[3]文秋芳. 英语学习策略论[M].上海外语教育出版社,1995.
[4]王文宇,王立非.二语写作研究:十年回顾与展望[J].外语界, 2004.
【关键词】大学英语 写作能力
一、引言
根据大学英语教学大纲的要求,大学生在英语学习过程中要培养较强的阅读能力,一定的听的能力,及初步的写和说的能力。CET-4(大学英语四级考试)的推行有效测试了学生在大学阶段英语学习状况。官方公布的数据显示,CET-4的各项测试题目中写作的平均得分率低于其它各项。从我校四级测试结果及公共外语教学实践来分析,英语写作亦为几项能力最为滞后的环节。作为高校英语教师,我们期望能培养学生写出即合乎语法、意义清晰又具有可读性的文章。本文通过考察大学英语写作教学的现状,在分析影响写作能力因素的基础上,对西南林业大学 2011级B班学生批改网作文进行抽样分析,探索一条提高大学英语写作能力的方法。
二、CET-4写作常见错误分类
1.词法错误(morphological errors)
(1)动词错误。动词错误是四级考试中常见的错误,多出现在完成时态及完成进行时态,主动与被动语态,动词搭配,习惯用法等。在实际教学中,教师应当予以重视。
1)时态错误
例1An overwhelming majority of professors and experts have for years pondered the issue whether or not university students should be allowed to participate in part-time jobs without reaching a definite conclusion.
改正为:have for years pondered→ have been for years pondering
例2I will offer you some constructive suggestions if you will turn to me for help
改正为:will turn to→ turn to
例3Madam Currie will never achieve the goal in the discovery of Radium if she takes the same road as the majority of the women in her time.
改正为:will never achieve→ would never have achieved
takes→ had taken
2)语态错误
例4Only by doing so, will this phenomenon minimize in the near future
改正为:minimize→ be minimized
3) 习惯用法错误
动词与名词搭配误用:
例5 China will spare no effort to correct the situation
改正为:correct→ improve
特殊动词误用:
例6 The negative impact that online shopping has exhibited deserves to pay attention to.
改正为:deserves to pay attention to→ deserves paying attention to
动名词及不定式误用:
例7 I strongly object to put this theory into practice.
改正为:put→ putting
(2)介词错误。由于英汉语的差异,汉语中只有少量的介词,而英语中的介词种类繁多,数量相对较大,故极难掌握,教师在平时的授课中应指导学生进行关注。
例8 The bewilderment that many students possessed on entering into university has now been wiped out.
改正为:entering into→ entering
例9 Parents should avail the opportunities to help children be independent.
改正为:avail the opportunities→ avail themselves of the opportunities
例10 A number of students fail to care others
改正为:care→ care about
(3)冠词错误。相对于其它词类,冠词使用频率最高,其用法常被二语学习者忽视。许多英语专业的研究生对冠词的掌握尚存在问题,非英语专业作文中此类问题更大。因此教师在授课中应花三至四课时对冠词用法进行详细讲解。
例11 Among all the musical instruments,I am more inclined to play guitar.
改正为:guitar→ the guitar
例12 In 1990s,advertising industry did not seize the pubic attention.
改正为:In 1990s In→ the 1990s
(4)惯用法搭配不当。词语的惯用法搭配是英语学习中的一个难点。掌握正确的搭配有助于学生避免由于受汉语语言及文化影响而产生的错误,避免臆想的类推,从而提高运用地道英语进行有效交际的能力,在跨文化交际中游刃有余。
例13 Last years,when I was in Shanghai,I was chopped by a young shopkeeper.
改正为:was chopped by→ was ripped off
2.句法错误(syntactic errors)
(1)主谓语一致错误
例14 The number of car-drivers are increasing rapidly.
改正为:are→ is
例15 There are one boy and twenty-two girls in this class
改正为:There are→ there is
(2)语序错误
例16 On no account we can ignore the corrupting influence the advertising industry has exerted on the young.
改正为:we can→ can we
例17 Only by adopting the measures I have offered above, we can hope to root out this phenomenon.
改正为:we can→ can we
例18 As young he is,he is pretty sociable.
改正为:As young he is→ Young as he is
(3)否定用法错误。常见为用部分否定代替全部否定和否定误用。造成这一现象的原因是望文生义用中文的结构去套用英文的表达方式。
例19 原意:他喜欢这套方案,并不是因为它实用。
表达:He likes the program not because it is practical.
改正为:He does not like the program because it is practical.
(4)虚拟语气用法错误。虚拟语气是英语核心语法内容。许多非英语专业学生难以把握其繁杂知识点,故在造句时错误百出。
例20 It is essential that due attention is given to the current issue.
改正为:is given→ should be given
例21 It is hight time that the government adopts the measures to regulate online shopping.
改正为: adopts→ adopted
(5) 中式英文表达
例22 With the popular more and more large,more and more people need to eat,wash,and to irrigate.
改正为:With the explosion of the population,an increasing number of people need to use water in their daily lives.
3.篇章问题(discourse inadequacy)。笔者曾在2008至2011年三年连续6次批阅全国大学英语四级写作部分,发现篇章问题主要表现为句意连贯性差、前后呼应有问题、思路极其混乱、偏离主题这四个方面。
三、产生错误的原因
1.授课质量的影响。B.W. Robinett(1980: 170~ 174) 指出学习者在某种语言技能方面得到更多的培训或指导, 他定会在这方面掌握最好, 这足以见得教师在学生学习过程中的重要作用。教师组织教学时,首先要遵照教学大纲、以及教材同时受其制约。而目前我们的大纲中却存在/对写作的要求阐述模糊不清、教材中存在写作技巧的编写不太科学等问题(甘文平, 1998: 31)。这导致了课堂写作教学质量不高。而且, 相应地,英语写作对很多大学英语教师来说也属于弱项。因此, 即使他们竭尽全力摸索大学英语写作教学的方法, 却很难作到行之有效地帮助学生快速提高英语写作水平。
2.学习动机影响。中国非外语专业学生的外语学习动机大多属于工具性动机,他们学习外语的目标只是想通过考试, 以求毕业后找一份好工作。具体到写作, 动机则更显薄弱了。可以理解, 既然目标是通过考试, 而写作分值比例在考卷中所占极少(CET-4中写作占15%), 费时却并无法保证分数, 因此很多学生都放弃这一部分,从而去花时间抓阅读听力。结果可想而知,大批学生疏于写作练习,长此以往,大学时写作水平竟低于高中时的写作水平。
四、提高写作能力的方法
1.教师授课时注重语法讲解,尤其注意培养学生的构句能力。
2.教师应认真批改每位学生的作文,保证每学期批改每位同学五至八篇作文。笔者发现,学生对自己的错误尤其关注。因此批改作文时亦能对学生写作起到监督作用。
3.为大学英语学生开设有关写作技巧的讲座或公共选修课。
4.学校可定期举行写作比赛并扩大参与度。
参考文献:
[1]Jack.C. Richards. Error Analysis. London: Longman Group Ltd, 1974
[2]Lally, C. G. (2000). First language influences in second language composition: The effect of pre-writing. Foreign Language Annuals, 33 (4), 428-432.
[3]文秋芳. 英语学习策略论[M].上海外语教育出版社,1995.
[4]王文宇,王立非.二语写作研究:十年回顾与展望[J].外语界, 2004.