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In the history of the development of western painting art， science and art have had several close contacts. Among them， the discovery of geometric perspective is the earliest and most valuable help of science to art. Because of the application of the perspective method， the two-dimensional object can also show the three-dimensional effect， looking vivid and realistic. It can be said that if there were no fluoroscopic discovery， then the prosperity of the 500 ～ 600 years of Western realistic painting would lose support and no longer exist.
Western Realistic Painting Began With Giotto
Western real history of painting has a long history， in the tenth century AD some of the works have already painted the characters， animals， the surrounding trees and flowers in a vivid way. However， these works have a fatal flaw， that is， they are two flat with no sense of space. Until the 13th century， in Italy appeared a great painter， Giotto di Bondone.
Giotto was born in a rural family on the outskirts of Florence. When he was a child， he often helped his family to sheep. Sheep is a gentle animal causing little trouble， having nothing to do， Giotto used the stone to paint them on the ground. By carefully observing the flock， he found that the sheep near are big while those in distance are small. Drawing two sheep， one big， one small， he can tell their different distance. But he does not know the principle behind this phenomenon.
The frescoes in the church of Skopjones in Italy are the most important works of Giotto. There are about 40 his murals on the wall， illustrating the story of the Virgin Mary and Christ's life. It can be seen from the painting that Giotto's religious painting is full of the smell of the world， through the law of darkness presenting realistic characters， and buildings on both sides also showed a three-dimensional sense. It is reasonable to say that Giotto was only one step away from the discovery of geometric perspective. However， followed by a black death， resulting in the death of more than half of the population of Europe， which can be described as destitute people everywhere. This era， of course， didn’t leave too much space for painting.
Brunerski Found A Geometric Perspective
Time flies. 100 years have passed and the European continent gradually restored to life. Florence's richest man， the Medici family planed to build some landmarks in the urban area. The Florence Cathedral located in the city center is one of the most important ones. However， the church was too majestic to find the material long enough to make the beam， consequently the church could not be capped to complete. At this time， the city's famous architect Bruneseki heard that the ancient Roman Empire Cathedral used vault technology， so he went to study in Rome， and after learning returned to Florence. With his design and organizing， the church's flat top was changed to a vault， thus making the cathedral with the dome a landmark in Florence. Bruneseki later served as cathedral building director， responsible for the church and other public buildings planning， and his main job is to draw his own ideas into first sketches， and then explain them to the investors. He felt that in order to make the problem clear， there is no other ways but to establish a system of methods to draw thins that everyone can understand. So， how to make these drawings？
In about 1420， he discovered through the experiment the law of perspective （"perspective" from the Latin verb perspicio， meaning clearly seen， carefully look）. His friend Gilberti put the experiment of Brunesechi in the book "Discussing Painting"， so that these methods passed down.
How Did Bruneseki Find the Law of Perspective？
Brunesechi opened the door of the church， standing indoors he could see the square， the streets and the baptistery that has just been completed outside. Using the door frame as a margin， isn’t this a landscape painting？ He painted a piece of silver on a layer， making it a plane mirror， and then put the drawing board upright at the door， and the silver mirror reflected the scenery outside the door at a glance. He carefully with a brush drew the outline of the scenery in the mirror， and then hung the painted mirror hanging beside the door， comparing with the real one to confirm. At this time he found that as the street and the building go far away， the height of buildings and trees will gradually become smaller. He connected the buildings and the vertices of the trees in a straight line， and extended the connection to the distance to determine that the lines will converge at one point， which is called "vanishing point".
Francesca put the theory of perspective into practice
Brunese and Gilberti are architects. The method of establishing them is mainly related to architecture. The most important contributors to the use of perspective in science is the Florentine mathematician and painter， Francesca. Proficient in math and painting skills， he is a genius in the history of mathematics and art in the history. In mathematics， he has left three papers and a book Perspective of Painting， having done various researches on the projection of polyhedron in the two-dimensional plane. It is said that these studies have had a positive effect on the subsequent projection geometry and the creation of analytic geometry.
In addition， he is also quite professional in painting， including his masterpiece Christ is Tortured. The painting depicts a religious story： after Christ was betrayed by Judah， he was sent to the king of Rome， Pilate， where he was interrogated and whipped. The central classical style of the Roman column divides the painting into two： the left is the interior of the governor's house， several servants are flogging Christ， who should be the governor himself； on the right was three people standing and talking outside the government. Francesca used a perspective method to construct a three-dimensional space that looked very similar to the real space. If extending the ground and building lines in the painting to the distant， they would converge in the same "vanishing point." According to the information， Francesca during the creation， carefully calculated the size and distance of the characters in the painting. In his paintings， the precise composition， bright colors and clear light sense were organically combined. Massa Joe makes perspective painting famous in the world
In the spring of 1427， the Florentine municipal authorities tended to build a new church – Santa Maria Novella. The church fresco is its spirit and soul and the project's host decided to invite a young man to complete. In fact， Masaccio is the artist's nickname， for no body remembered his real name as it was too long and hard to remember. Masaccio's meaning is sloppy， because he stayed up late at nights and forgot eating， covered with pigments and mud.
This time， Masaccio painted "Trinity"， which is the most important fresco in the church. He knew the importance of this opportunity， so with a huge curtain he covered the fresco， keeping it secret from people. When he opened the curtain after the completion， the audience were stunned， thinking that the wall was cut out a big hole， inside of which built a niche. Many people did not believe their eyes， until they went to the mural and touched the flat wall. I think the readers will feel the same when they see this fresco！ Why are there is fresco of so realistic three-dimensional feature？ The reason is simple， because Masaccio uses a perspective painting method.
Perspective instruments popular among artists
Although the method of perspective is good， most of the painters at that time are craftsmen， mostly illiterate， with no way to master such a difficult mathematical knowledge. As a result， some people think of ways to develop some instruments， with which they can accurately draw the outline of people or things.
In the book Great Art of Light and Shadow published in 1646 there is description of a complex black box， whose principle is the hole imaging. Opening a hole on both the front and back walls， putting a lens inside each hole， with outside world projected on the paper screen， the painter can draw the shadow on the other side of the paper screen. It has also mentioned that it is Leonardo da Vinci that has for the first time proposed this method.
According to modern scientists and art historians of the textual research， in the hundreds of years from Renaissance to the eighteenth century， many artists have adopted the black box to help them in the painting to determine the contours， including Rembrandt， Vaja and Vermeer and other masters. Vermeer's work "Soldiers and Smiling Girls"， the body of the soldiers is much larger than the girls； on the back wall is the Dutch map painted by the map maker Vichy in 1635 which is too fine to imagine； in addition， if it was not based on the light through the lens convergence， reflective highlights painted on the metal and porcelain will not be so focused and bright， and all these clues indicate that the artist has used a dark box.
Western painting art is exactly making use of scientific knowledge and technical tools hence being a step advanced in the real world painting than Chinese ones， consequently having created a brilliant classic European painting history.
Western Realistic Painting Began With Giotto
Western real history of painting has a long history， in the tenth century AD some of the works have already painted the characters， animals， the surrounding trees and flowers in a vivid way. However， these works have a fatal flaw， that is， they are two flat with no sense of space. Until the 13th century， in Italy appeared a great painter， Giotto di Bondone.
Giotto was born in a rural family on the outskirts of Florence. When he was a child， he often helped his family to sheep. Sheep is a gentle animal causing little trouble， having nothing to do， Giotto used the stone to paint them on the ground. By carefully observing the flock， he found that the sheep near are big while those in distance are small. Drawing two sheep， one big， one small， he can tell their different distance. But he does not know the principle behind this phenomenon.
The frescoes in the church of Skopjones in Italy are the most important works of Giotto. There are about 40 his murals on the wall， illustrating the story of the Virgin Mary and Christ's life. It can be seen from the painting that Giotto's religious painting is full of the smell of the world， through the law of darkness presenting realistic characters， and buildings on both sides also showed a three-dimensional sense. It is reasonable to say that Giotto was only one step away from the discovery of geometric perspective. However， followed by a black death， resulting in the death of more than half of the population of Europe， which can be described as destitute people everywhere. This era， of course， didn’t leave too much space for painting.
Brunerski Found A Geometric Perspective
Time flies. 100 years have passed and the European continent gradually restored to life. Florence's richest man， the Medici family planed to build some landmarks in the urban area. The Florence Cathedral located in the city center is one of the most important ones. However， the church was too majestic to find the material long enough to make the beam， consequently the church could not be capped to complete. At this time， the city's famous architect Bruneseki heard that the ancient Roman Empire Cathedral used vault technology， so he went to study in Rome， and after learning returned to Florence. With his design and organizing， the church's flat top was changed to a vault， thus making the cathedral with the dome a landmark in Florence. Bruneseki later served as cathedral building director， responsible for the church and other public buildings planning， and his main job is to draw his own ideas into first sketches， and then explain them to the investors. He felt that in order to make the problem clear， there is no other ways but to establish a system of methods to draw thins that everyone can understand. So， how to make these drawings？
In about 1420， he discovered through the experiment the law of perspective （"perspective" from the Latin verb perspicio， meaning clearly seen， carefully look）. His friend Gilberti put the experiment of Brunesechi in the book "Discussing Painting"， so that these methods passed down.
How Did Bruneseki Find the Law of Perspective？
Brunesechi opened the door of the church， standing indoors he could see the square， the streets and the baptistery that has just been completed outside. Using the door frame as a margin， isn’t this a landscape painting？ He painted a piece of silver on a layer， making it a plane mirror， and then put the drawing board upright at the door， and the silver mirror reflected the scenery outside the door at a glance. He carefully with a brush drew the outline of the scenery in the mirror， and then hung the painted mirror hanging beside the door， comparing with the real one to confirm. At this time he found that as the street and the building go far away， the height of buildings and trees will gradually become smaller. He connected the buildings and the vertices of the trees in a straight line， and extended the connection to the distance to determine that the lines will converge at one point， which is called "vanishing point".
Francesca put the theory of perspective into practice
Brunese and Gilberti are architects. The method of establishing them is mainly related to architecture. The most important contributors to the use of perspective in science is the Florentine mathematician and painter， Francesca. Proficient in math and painting skills， he is a genius in the history of mathematics and art in the history. In mathematics， he has left three papers and a book Perspective of Painting， having done various researches on the projection of polyhedron in the two-dimensional plane. It is said that these studies have had a positive effect on the subsequent projection geometry and the creation of analytic geometry.
In addition， he is also quite professional in painting， including his masterpiece Christ is Tortured. The painting depicts a religious story： after Christ was betrayed by Judah， he was sent to the king of Rome， Pilate， where he was interrogated and whipped. The central classical style of the Roman column divides the painting into two： the left is the interior of the governor's house， several servants are flogging Christ， who should be the governor himself； on the right was three people standing and talking outside the government. Francesca used a perspective method to construct a three-dimensional space that looked very similar to the real space. If extending the ground and building lines in the painting to the distant， they would converge in the same "vanishing point." According to the information， Francesca during the creation， carefully calculated the size and distance of the characters in the painting. In his paintings， the precise composition， bright colors and clear light sense were organically combined. Massa Joe makes perspective painting famous in the world
In the spring of 1427， the Florentine municipal authorities tended to build a new church – Santa Maria Novella. The church fresco is its spirit and soul and the project's host decided to invite a young man to complete. In fact， Masaccio is the artist's nickname， for no body remembered his real name as it was too long and hard to remember. Masaccio's meaning is sloppy， because he stayed up late at nights and forgot eating， covered with pigments and mud.
This time， Masaccio painted "Trinity"， which is the most important fresco in the church. He knew the importance of this opportunity， so with a huge curtain he covered the fresco， keeping it secret from people. When he opened the curtain after the completion， the audience were stunned， thinking that the wall was cut out a big hole， inside of which built a niche. Many people did not believe their eyes， until they went to the mural and touched the flat wall. I think the readers will feel the same when they see this fresco！ Why are there is fresco of so realistic three-dimensional feature？ The reason is simple， because Masaccio uses a perspective painting method.
Perspective instruments popular among artists
Although the method of perspective is good， most of the painters at that time are craftsmen， mostly illiterate， with no way to master such a difficult mathematical knowledge. As a result， some people think of ways to develop some instruments， with which they can accurately draw the outline of people or things.
In the book Great Art of Light and Shadow published in 1646 there is description of a complex black box， whose principle is the hole imaging. Opening a hole on both the front and back walls， putting a lens inside each hole， with outside world projected on the paper screen， the painter can draw the shadow on the other side of the paper screen. It has also mentioned that it is Leonardo da Vinci that has for the first time proposed this method.
According to modern scientists and art historians of the textual research， in the hundreds of years from Renaissance to the eighteenth century， many artists have adopted the black box to help them in the painting to determine the contours， including Rembrandt， Vaja and Vermeer and other masters. Vermeer's work "Soldiers and Smiling Girls"， the body of the soldiers is much larger than the girls； on the back wall is the Dutch map painted by the map maker Vichy in 1635 which is too fine to imagine； in addition， if it was not based on the light through the lens convergence， reflective highlights painted on the metal and porcelain will not be so focused and bright， and all these clues indicate that the artist has used a dark box.
Western painting art is exactly making use of scientific knowledge and technical tools hence being a step advanced in the real world painting than Chinese ones， consequently having created a brilliant classic European painting history.