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【Abstract】Bianxingji is a role-exchange reality show developed by Hunan Satellite TV. Based on Leech’s Politeness Principle, the author analyzes the actual language of Bianxingji. The author hopes this article will help the readers employ PP in daily communication to achieve a more harmonious interpersonal relationship.
【Key words】Politeness Principle, violation, Bianxingji, transpositonal consideration
According to the cost-benefit of listener and speaker, Leech puts forwards six maxims of PP.
1)Tact Maxim “Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.”
2)Generosity Maxim “Minimize the expression of benefit to self; maximize the expression of cost to self.”
3)Approbation Maxim “Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.”
4)Modesty Maxim “Minimize the expression of praise of self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.”
5)Agreement Maxim “Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.”
6)Sympathy Maxim “minimizes antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.” (Adapted from Leech, 1983:132)
Analysis of characters’ utterances in Bianxingji
1. Analysis on the basis of tact and generosity maxim
Example 1
韦志忠：尝一口
摄像大哥：我不吃，你自己吃。
韦志忠：你得吃
摄像大哥：我真的不吃
We can see that Wei Zhizhong’s utterances like “尝一口”,“你得吃”, all show his following the Politeness Principle. As to the optionality scale, since the cameraman is the beneficiary, it’s easy to find that the degree of directness and compelling force of Wei Zhizhong’s utterances rises with the deepening of the conversation, so that the personality of warmth and hospitality of Wei Zhizhong is evidently revealed.
2. Analysis on the basis of approbation and modesty maxim
Example 2
李锦鉴妈妈：你去那边要帮那边的爸爸妈妈做事
李锦鉴：哎呀 你还在说 还在说 还在说什么说啊
李锦鉴妈妈(对妹妹)：会不会想哥哥 啊
李锦鉴妹妹：不会
When asked whether she would miss her brother, Li Jinjian’s sister answered “no”. Li’s sister’s violation of the maxim of approbation and modesty shows that Li Jinjian didn’t win his sister’s respect and admiration.
3. Analysis on the basis of agreement and sympathy maxim
Example 3
李锦鉴妈妈：开战 李锦鉴爸爸：我看哪个是……
李锦鉴妈妈：这个是志忠炒的。尝尝
韦志忠：评价(一下)
李锦鉴妈妈：恩，可以，很好吃
李锦鉴爸爸：还可以 肉还是肉 哈哈
Wei Zhizhong cooked a meal for the family. At table, Wei Zhizhong asked Mr. and Mrs. Li to appraise his stir-fry. Mrs. Li speak highly of the dish, which conform to the maxim of approbation and modesty.
4. Analysis on the basis of PP on general
Example4
李锦鉴爸爸：自己去那边好好的啊
李锦鉴：爸爸给我点钱吧！哈哈哈
李锦鉴妈妈：该给的时候是给的
李锦鉴：给我点钱嘛 100又不多
李锦鉴妈妈：(那边)不需要你花钱 什么都不花钱儿子
李锦鉴爸爸：到学校的时候…
李锦鉴：鄙视你
When Li’s father told him to take care of himself, he asked for more money in return. He violates the maxim of tact and generosity. “给我点钱嘛100又不多” again violates the maxim of tact and generosity, so we can conclude that Li Jinjian only knows to spend his parents’ money and he knows nothing about caring his parents. Li’s “鄙视你” violates the maxim of approbation and modesty.
The author researches the utterances in Bianxingji from the perspective of pragmatics and hopes that the study can provide light to the understanding of politeness phenomena in China’s TV programs.
References：
[1]Brown, P. and S. Levinson. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
[2]Grice, H. P.“Logic and Conversation”. P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.),1975:41-58.
[3]Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman,1983.
[4]何自然.语用学与英语学习.上海外语教育出版社,1997.
【Key words】Politeness Principle, violation, Bianxingji, transpositonal consideration
According to the cost-benefit of listener and speaker, Leech puts forwards six maxims of PP.
1)Tact Maxim “Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.”
2)Generosity Maxim “Minimize the expression of benefit to self; maximize the expression of cost to self.”
3)Approbation Maxim “Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.”
4)Modesty Maxim “Minimize the expression of praise of self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.”
5)Agreement Maxim “Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other; maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.”
6)Sympathy Maxim “minimizes antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.” (Adapted from Leech, 1983:132)
Analysis of characters’ utterances in Bianxingji
1. Analysis on the basis of tact and generosity maxim
Example 1
韦志忠：尝一口
摄像大哥：我不吃，你自己吃。
韦志忠：你得吃
摄像大哥：我真的不吃
We can see that Wei Zhizhong’s utterances like “尝一口”,“你得吃”, all show his following the Politeness Principle. As to the optionality scale, since the cameraman is the beneficiary, it’s easy to find that the degree of directness and compelling force of Wei Zhizhong’s utterances rises with the deepening of the conversation, so that the personality of warmth and hospitality of Wei Zhizhong is evidently revealed.
2. Analysis on the basis of approbation and modesty maxim
Example 2
李锦鉴妈妈：你去那边要帮那边的爸爸妈妈做事
李锦鉴：哎呀 你还在说 还在说 还在说什么说啊
李锦鉴妈妈(对妹妹)：会不会想哥哥 啊
李锦鉴妹妹：不会
When asked whether she would miss her brother, Li Jinjian’s sister answered “no”. Li’s sister’s violation of the maxim of approbation and modesty shows that Li Jinjian didn’t win his sister’s respect and admiration.
3. Analysis on the basis of agreement and sympathy maxim
Example 3
李锦鉴妈妈：开战 李锦鉴爸爸：我看哪个是……
李锦鉴妈妈：这个是志忠炒的。尝尝
韦志忠：评价(一下)
李锦鉴妈妈：恩，可以，很好吃
李锦鉴爸爸：还可以 肉还是肉 哈哈
Wei Zhizhong cooked a meal for the family. At table, Wei Zhizhong asked Mr. and Mrs. Li to appraise his stir-fry. Mrs. Li speak highly of the dish, which conform to the maxim of approbation and modesty.
4. Analysis on the basis of PP on general
Example4
李锦鉴爸爸：自己去那边好好的啊
李锦鉴：爸爸给我点钱吧！哈哈哈
李锦鉴妈妈：该给的时候是给的
李锦鉴：给我点钱嘛 100又不多
李锦鉴妈妈：(那边)不需要你花钱 什么都不花钱儿子
李锦鉴爸爸：到学校的时候…
李锦鉴：鄙视你
When Li’s father told him to take care of himself, he asked for more money in return. He violates the maxim of tact and generosity. “给我点钱嘛100又不多” again violates the maxim of tact and generosity, so we can conclude that Li Jinjian only knows to spend his parents’ money and he knows nothing about caring his parents. Li’s “鄙视你” violates the maxim of approbation and modesty.
The author researches the utterances in Bianxingji from the perspective of pragmatics and hopes that the study can provide light to the understanding of politeness phenomena in China’s TV programs.
References：
[1]Brown, P. and S. Levinson. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
[2]Grice, H. P.“Logic and Conversation”. P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds.),1975:41-58.
[3]Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman,1983.
[4]何自然.语用学与英语学习.上海外语教育出版社,1997.