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与其他的环境污染相比,土壤污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性和结果不可逆性。土壤污染的这些特点决定了土壤污染侵权行为造成的损害后果往往较为严重,土壤污染侵权行为与损害后果间因果关系的认定也更为困难。由于我国土壤污染防治专门立法的缺位,仅依据《土地管理法》《环境保护法》的原则性规定以及《侵权责任法》关于侵权行为和环境侵权行为的一般规则不能完全满足社会规制土壤污染侵权行为的制度需求,也可能导致土壤污染侵权纠纷司法适用的无具体规则可循或标准不一。因此,笔者运用描述性统计和典型案例研究方法,对我国土壤污染侵权案件进行了实证研究,发现侵权责任制度在土壤污染领域的司法适用存在三个典型问题:不可抗拒的自然灾害作为土壤污染侵权责任免责事由的条件、受害人一般过失是否可以作为土壤污染者的责任减轻事由以及“恢复原状”责任承担方式适用的条件,认为在立法和司法层面解决这三个问题时应充分考虑土壤污染的特殊性,建议将自然灾害发生后及时采取合理措施作为免除土壤污染者侵权责任的事由;受害人故意或重大过失的情形下,土壤污染者才能减轻、免除土壤污染侵权责任;统一土壤污染修复标准,提高“恢复原状”责任方式的司法适用性。
Compared with other environmental pollution, soil pollution has hidden, lag and irreversible results. These characteristics of soil pollution determine that the damage caused by soil pollution infringement is often more serious, and the determination of the causal relationship between soil pollution infringement and damage consequences is more difficult. Due to the absence of special legislation on soil pollution prevention in China, only based on the principle of “Environmental Protection Law” of “Land Administration Law” and the general rules of “Tort Liability Law” on violations and environmental violations can not fully meet the social regulation of soil pollution Institutional requirements for infringement may also lead to inconsistent standards or different standards of judicial application of disputes over infringement of soil pollution. Therefore, using descriptive statistics and typical case studies, the author conducts an empirical study of soil pollution infringement cases in China and finds that there are three typical problems in the judicial application of tort liability system in soil pollution: irresistible natural disasters as soil pollution infringement The conditions of liability exemption, whether the general negligence of the victim can be used as the responsibility of alleviating the responsibility of soil polluters and “restitution” responsibility for the application of the conditions that the legislative and judicial aspects of these three issues should be fully consider the soil It is suggested that reasonable measures should be taken after the occurrence of natural disasters as a reason for exempting soil polluters from infringement liability. If the victim intentionally or grossly negligently damages the soil polluter, Fixing standards and improving the judicial applicability of the “restitution” responsibility.