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Abstract The tests of raising seedlings of Moringa oleifera were carried out in autumn and spring in Chongqing. The results showed that in the case of container seedling raising， the seedling emergence rate in autumn was 90%. Due to the large humidity and extreme weather， and the limited management conditions such as ventilation， the seedlings suffered from serious diseases， and the preservation rate was only 30%. The emergence rate was 91% in the spring of 2017， and the seedlings had unanimous growth. However， the seedling preservation rate dropped to 75% due to hail. In the spring of 2018， the emergence rate was 93%， and the seedlings also had unanimous growth. By the end of May， the seedlings had grown to 15 cm high. In addition， in the field seedling raising in 2017 and 2018， the seedlings showed unanimous growth with the emergence rate of 88% and 90%， respectively， and the seedlings grew into 30 cm high with good growth conditions in May.
Key words Chongqing area; Moringa oleifera; Container seedling raising; Field seedling raising
Moringa oleifera Lam.， also known as drumstick tree， benzoil tree， is a perennial deciduous tree species in the genus Moringa of the Moringaceae. M. oleifera is native to India， and its leaves， flowers and fruits are edible， and the whole plant can be used as medicine. The nutritional value and medicinal value of M. oleifera have been confirmed and developed and used， and it has been planted in Yunnan， Guangdong， Hainan， and Guizhou of China[1-5]. However， there are few reports on planting M. oleifera in Chongqing. Therefore， in this paper， the tests of seedling raising were conducted to provide scientific basis for the cultivation of M. oleifera in this area.
Test Site Overview
The container seedling raising test was conducted in the nursery of Chongqing Academy of Forestry， which has an altitude of 500 m with the annual average temperature of 18 ℃ and average lowest temperature in winter of 6-8 ℃. It has hot summer， and the daily highest temperature in July and August is above 35 ℃. The total sunshine hours are 1 000-1 200 h with the average annual sunshine of 1 259.5 h， and the annual rainfall is 1 000-1 100 mm.
The field seedling raising test was conducted in Lianjie drumstick planting farm， which was located in Group 1 of Bofeng Village， Guocun Town of Wanzhou District， Chongqing Municipality. It has the subtropical humid monsoon climate with an average elevation of 480 m， annual average temperature of 18.0 ℃， annual average sunshine of 1 258.3 h， and annual rainfall of 1 229.2 mm. Materials and Methods
Materials
The fully matured seeds harvested the year before were purchased as the test materials， and the seeds had an 1 000grain weight of 300.43 g. After weighing， the seeds were soaked in warm water of 30-40 ℃ for 18-20 h， and after changing water for twice， the seeds were filtered out for later use.
Test methods
Container seedling raising
Seeds were sown in the air root cutting seedling raising container， 1 seed per hole. After sowing， the container was thoroughly watered， and then covered with plastic film to keep the temperature and humidity. After seedlings emergence， the container was performed with ventilation， shading， pest and disease control and other management. The substrate was a mixture of loess， turfy soil， and compost cow dung. Sowing time was as follows： September 28， 2016 （in the greenhouse test）， March 13， 2017 （sand bed small shed test）， March 25， 2018 （sand bed small shed test）.
Field seedling raising
The seeds were evenly sown in the field small sheds. After seedling emergence， the sheds were performed with ventilation， heat preservation and shading management. The sowing time was March 2017 and March 2018.
Results and Analysis
Container seedling raising
Autumn seedlings
The seedlings began to emerge on October 3， 2016， and almost completed on October 8. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with the emergence rate of 90%. The seedling plants were slim， high， delicate， susceptible to lodging with phototropism. The roots were shot and undeveloped with few lateral roots. The seedlings grew rapidly before sending forth euphylla， and when growing into 14 cm high， the seedlings stopped growing. At the end of November， there began to have lodging plants， plants affected with leaf mildew and withered tender shoots. After removing the affected plants， carbendazim solution was sprayed for the control. In December， the extreme temperature in winter made the diseases more serious， then the healthy plants were transplanted to perform with heat insulation measures. The final survival rate was 30%. In March， 2017， the survived seedlings were transplanted into fields， and the autumn seedling raising conditions were shown in Fig. 1 & 2.
Spring seedlings
The seedling raising conditions in 2017 were as follows： the seedlings began to emerge from the soil surface since March 23， lasting for 8 d， when the emergence rate reached 91%. Overall， the seedlings were ordered with robust growth vigor， and the roots were short with few lateral roots. The seedlings grew slowly， and because of the hail in May， the preservation rate was only 75%. After recovering growth in June， the seedlings were transplanted into the field. The seedling raising conditions in 2018 were as follows： the seedlings began to emerge from the soil surface since April 1， lasting for 5 d， when the emergence rate reached 91%. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with good growth conditions. At the end of May， the seedlings grew into 15 cm high， and then were transplanted into the field. The seedling growth conditions in 2017 and 2018 were shown in Fig. 3 & 4， respectively.
Field seedling raising
At 10 d after sowing， seedlings began to emerge from the soil， and the emergence lasted about 8 d. The emergence rate in 2017 and 2018 was 88% and 90%， respectively. The seedlings were in unanimous growth， the stems were elongated， the number of leaves gradually increased， and the plants were ordered and robust. In May， the average seedling height was 30 cm， and then the seedlings were transplanted into the field. During the transplanting， each seedling was born with some soil. The field seedling raising and management conditions were shown in Fig. 5 & 6.
Pests and diseases
Diseases occurred to the autumn seedlings raised in containers in autumn greenhouse. T main diseases were root or stem base rot， tender shoots wilting， and leaf mildew. However， there was no obvious pests or diseases in the process of sand bed container seedling raising and field seedling raising.
Conclusion
In container seedling raising， the emergence rate of autumn seedlings reached 90%. The seedlings were thin and high， susceptible to lodging and had the property of phototropism. Because of ventilation， humidity and extreme weathers， the seedlings suffered from serious diseases， and the preservation rate was only about 30%. The emergence rate of the spring seedling raising in 2017 was 91%. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with vigorous growth potential， but due to the hail， the preservation rate of the seedlings dropped to 75%. The emergence rate of the spring seedling raising in 2018 was 93%. The seedlings were also in unanimous growth with vigorous growth vigor， and in May， the seedlings grew into 15 cm high. Therefore， the seedlings raised in containers in spring had good growth conditions， making it suitable for the breeding of commercial seedlings.
In field seedling raising， the seedlings began to emerge from the soil 10 d after sowing， and the emergence lasted for 8 d. Then， the seedlings were in unanimous growth with the emergence rate reaching up to 90%. In may， the seedlings grew to 30 cm high with good growth conditions. Therefore， field seedling raising was suitable for the breeding on the spot. Due to ventilation， humidity， extreme weathers and other reasons， it is not recommended to carry out seedling raising in autumn. Seedlings can be raised in containers and fields in spring.
References
[1] LIU CF. Drumstick tree and cultivation techniques[M]. Kunming： Yunnan Science and Technology Press， 2012， 11.
[2] ZHOU MQ， BAN XW， LIU QG， et al. Introduction and cultivation techniques and characteristics of Moringa oleifera in Guizhou[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences， 2010， 38（8）： 4086-4088.
[3] HUANG LN， CHENG SM， et al. Current situation and prospects of Moringa oleifera industry in China[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences， 2016， 44（7）： 104-107.
[4] JIANG GZ， LIU CF. Fungal diseases of drumstick trees[J]. Plant Protection， 2008， 34（4）： 121-124.
[5] ZHANG ZB， DUAN B， ZHANG YK， et al. Investigation of pest， natural enemy species and damage regions on Moringa in Yunnan Province[J]. Tropical Agricultural Science and Technology， 2017， 40（4）： 26-30.
Key words Chongqing area; Moringa oleifera; Container seedling raising; Field seedling raising
Moringa oleifera Lam.， also known as drumstick tree， benzoil tree， is a perennial deciduous tree species in the genus Moringa of the Moringaceae. M. oleifera is native to India， and its leaves， flowers and fruits are edible， and the whole plant can be used as medicine. The nutritional value and medicinal value of M. oleifera have been confirmed and developed and used， and it has been planted in Yunnan， Guangdong， Hainan， and Guizhou of China[1-5]. However， there are few reports on planting M. oleifera in Chongqing. Therefore， in this paper， the tests of seedling raising were conducted to provide scientific basis for the cultivation of M. oleifera in this area.
Test Site Overview
The container seedling raising test was conducted in the nursery of Chongqing Academy of Forestry， which has an altitude of 500 m with the annual average temperature of 18 ℃ and average lowest temperature in winter of 6-8 ℃. It has hot summer， and the daily highest temperature in July and August is above 35 ℃. The total sunshine hours are 1 000-1 200 h with the average annual sunshine of 1 259.5 h， and the annual rainfall is 1 000-1 100 mm.
The field seedling raising test was conducted in Lianjie drumstick planting farm， which was located in Group 1 of Bofeng Village， Guocun Town of Wanzhou District， Chongqing Municipality. It has the subtropical humid monsoon climate with an average elevation of 480 m， annual average temperature of 18.0 ℃， annual average sunshine of 1 258.3 h， and annual rainfall of 1 229.2 mm. Materials and Methods
Materials
The fully matured seeds harvested the year before were purchased as the test materials， and the seeds had an 1 000grain weight of 300.43 g. After weighing， the seeds were soaked in warm water of 30-40 ℃ for 18-20 h， and after changing water for twice， the seeds were filtered out for later use.
Test methods
Container seedling raising
Seeds were sown in the air root cutting seedling raising container， 1 seed per hole. After sowing， the container was thoroughly watered， and then covered with plastic film to keep the temperature and humidity. After seedlings emergence， the container was performed with ventilation， shading， pest and disease control and other management. The substrate was a mixture of loess， turfy soil， and compost cow dung. Sowing time was as follows： September 28， 2016 （in the greenhouse test）， March 13， 2017 （sand bed small shed test）， March 25， 2018 （sand bed small shed test）.
Field seedling raising
The seeds were evenly sown in the field small sheds. After seedling emergence， the sheds were performed with ventilation， heat preservation and shading management. The sowing time was March 2017 and March 2018.
Results and Analysis
Container seedling raising
Autumn seedlings
The seedlings began to emerge on October 3， 2016， and almost completed on October 8. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with the emergence rate of 90%. The seedling plants were slim， high， delicate， susceptible to lodging with phototropism. The roots were shot and undeveloped with few lateral roots. The seedlings grew rapidly before sending forth euphylla， and when growing into 14 cm high， the seedlings stopped growing. At the end of November， there began to have lodging plants， plants affected with leaf mildew and withered tender shoots. After removing the affected plants， carbendazim solution was sprayed for the control. In December， the extreme temperature in winter made the diseases more serious， then the healthy plants were transplanted to perform with heat insulation measures. The final survival rate was 30%. In March， 2017， the survived seedlings were transplanted into fields， and the autumn seedling raising conditions were shown in Fig. 1 & 2.
Spring seedlings
The seedling raising conditions in 2017 were as follows： the seedlings began to emerge from the soil surface since March 23， lasting for 8 d， when the emergence rate reached 91%. Overall， the seedlings were ordered with robust growth vigor， and the roots were short with few lateral roots. The seedlings grew slowly， and because of the hail in May， the preservation rate was only 75%. After recovering growth in June， the seedlings were transplanted into the field. The seedling raising conditions in 2018 were as follows： the seedlings began to emerge from the soil surface since April 1， lasting for 5 d， when the emergence rate reached 91%. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with good growth conditions. At the end of May， the seedlings grew into 15 cm high， and then were transplanted into the field. The seedling growth conditions in 2017 and 2018 were shown in Fig. 3 & 4， respectively.
Field seedling raising
At 10 d after sowing， seedlings began to emerge from the soil， and the emergence lasted about 8 d. The emergence rate in 2017 and 2018 was 88% and 90%， respectively. The seedlings were in unanimous growth， the stems were elongated， the number of leaves gradually increased， and the plants were ordered and robust. In May， the average seedling height was 30 cm， and then the seedlings were transplanted into the field. During the transplanting， each seedling was born with some soil. The field seedling raising and management conditions were shown in Fig. 5 & 6.
Pests and diseases
Diseases occurred to the autumn seedlings raised in containers in autumn greenhouse. T main diseases were root or stem base rot， tender shoots wilting， and leaf mildew. However， there was no obvious pests or diseases in the process of sand bed container seedling raising and field seedling raising.
Conclusion
In container seedling raising， the emergence rate of autumn seedlings reached 90%. The seedlings were thin and high， susceptible to lodging and had the property of phototropism. Because of ventilation， humidity and extreme weathers， the seedlings suffered from serious diseases， and the preservation rate was only about 30%. The emergence rate of the spring seedling raising in 2017 was 91%. The seedlings were in unanimous growth with vigorous growth potential， but due to the hail， the preservation rate of the seedlings dropped to 75%. The emergence rate of the spring seedling raising in 2018 was 93%. The seedlings were also in unanimous growth with vigorous growth vigor， and in May， the seedlings grew into 15 cm high. Therefore， the seedlings raised in containers in spring had good growth conditions， making it suitable for the breeding of commercial seedlings.
In field seedling raising， the seedlings began to emerge from the soil 10 d after sowing， and the emergence lasted for 8 d. Then， the seedlings were in unanimous growth with the emergence rate reaching up to 90%. In may， the seedlings grew to 30 cm high with good growth conditions. Therefore， field seedling raising was suitable for the breeding on the spot. Due to ventilation， humidity， extreme weathers and other reasons， it is not recommended to carry out seedling raising in autumn. Seedlings can be raised in containers and fields in spring.
References
[1] LIU CF. Drumstick tree and cultivation techniques[M]. Kunming： Yunnan Science and Technology Press， 2012， 11.
[2] ZHOU MQ， BAN XW， LIU QG， et al. Introduction and cultivation techniques and characteristics of Moringa oleifera in Guizhou[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences， 2010， 38（8）： 4086-4088.
[3] HUANG LN， CHENG SM， et al. Current situation and prospects of Moringa oleifera industry in China[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences， 2016， 44（7）： 104-107.
[4] JIANG GZ， LIU CF. Fungal diseases of drumstick trees[J]. Plant Protection， 2008， 34（4）： 121-124.
[5] ZHANG ZB， DUAN B， ZHANG YK， et al. Investigation of pest， natural enemy species and damage regions on Moringa in Yunnan Province[J]. Tropical Agricultural Science and Technology， 2017， 40（4）： 26-30.