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本文试图从律令制定程序的角度阐明秦汉时代“律”和“令”的区别。主要结论如下:一、秦汉时代的“令”是皇帝诏本身,“律”是皇帝诏制定的规定。简单地说,令是命令之令,律是法律之律。二、秦汉律文中出现“不从令”“犯令”等词,此“令”指的是该律本身。因为违反某条律等于违反制定该律的令,因此违反律叫“不从令”“犯令”。三、秦汉时代的律本是一条一条制定的单行法令。两汉时代有一些人试图搜集整理当时存在的律,如东汉时代的陈宠、应劭等。但《汉书》《后汉书》说他们搜集整理的律文集都没有施行。据此可见两汉时代没有发布过国家统一法典。
This article attempts to clarify the difference between “law” and “order” in Qin and Han dynasties from the perspective of law making order. The main conclusions are as follows: First, Qin and Han dynasties “Order ” is the emperor Chao itself, “law ” is the emperor Zhao regulations. Simply put, the order is made, the law is the law of law. Second, the Qin and Han dynasties appeared in the law “not from the” “criminal” and other words, “” refers to the law itself. Because the violation of a law amounts to a breach of the order making the law, so the law of contravention “not from the” “criminal”. Third, the law of the Qin and Han Dynasties is a one-by-one formulated a single act. Some people in the Han Dynasty tried to collect and sort out the existing laws, such as Chen Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Ying Ying. However, “Han” and “Han” said that they did not collect the collected essays. This shows that the Han Dynasty did not release the national unified code.