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目的调查并总结出灾民的心理特点以及相应的心理干预方法。方法对“5.12”汶川大地震灾民进行访谈和使用创伤后应激反应问卷调查。结果发现3.97%的灾民具有较强的创伤后应激反应;通过访谈法总结出震后伤员心理发展特点有:震惊恐慌、无助绝望、希望感、焦虑期和稳定期;震后普通民众心理发展特点有:震惊恐慌、焦虑担忧、抑郁期、稳定期和成长期。针对发现的问题,在对灾民实施心理干预实践的基础上,结合文献回顾,初步总结出伤员的心理干预措施包括:稳定情绪、正性映象、合理化、放松疗法和认知引导;普通民众的心理干预措施包括:指导倾诉、给予安全感、注重三结合(团体辅导与个体咨询相结合、身体健康和心理安定相结合、社区灾民和流动灾民辅导相结合)和体现三化(阶段化、重点化和科学化)。结论在震后针对伤员及灾民的心理特点进行有效的心理干预非常重要。
Objective To investigate and summarize the psychological characteristics of victims and the corresponding methods of psychological intervention. Methods Interview with victims of “5.12 ” Wenchuan earthquake and questionnaire using post-traumatic stress response. The results showed that 3.97% of the victims had strong post-traumatic stress response. Through the interviews, the psychological characteristics of the injured after the earthquake were summarized as: shock panic, hopelessness, hopelessness, anxiety and stability; general public psychology after the earthquake Development features are: shock panic, anxiety concerns, depression, stability and growth. Based on the practice of psychological intervention for the victims and the review of the literature, the preliminary psychological interventions of the injured were summarized as follows: stable emotion, positive image, rationalization, relaxation therapy and cognitive guidance; the common people Psychological interventions include: mentoring, giving a sense of security, focusing on the triple combination (combining group counseling with individual counseling, combining physical and psychological well-being, combining community disaster victims and migrant victims counseling), and demonstrating the three phases (phased, focused And scientific). Conclusion It is very important to carry out effective psychological intervention on the psychological characteristics of the injured and victims after the earthquake.