公文书是国家政令信息往来的重要形式。在中国古代,皇帝的诏敕和臣工的奏章,是封建国家最重要的公文。在君主专制制度下,天下庶务决策于中央独裁。然而,天下事务纷繁,君主不可能恃一己之聪明和精力去了解和处理天下事务,必须依靠大大小小官吏层层分职办理。为使大权不至旁落,深居九重的君主,必须保证政令信息上传下达,畅行无阻。这正是君主设官分职的目的所在,也是维护和强化君权的基本手段。而诏敕和奏章则是政令信息上传下达的具体表现。 皇帝通过口头或文书下达的制命,通称为“诏敕”。其主要形式有诏,令、渝、旨、制、策、诰、戒等,不同的形式用于不同的政务,其中如谕、旨等形式是根据皇帝口头下达的指示,再加以文字整理的。但也有皇帝亲自书写的,称为“手渝”或“朱谕”。 秦始皇规定,皇帝“命为制,令为诏”。汉代则进一步完善,皇帝诏敕分为策书、制书、诏书、戒书四种,各有严格的书写程式和使用范围。 Public documents is an important form of government information exchange. In ancient China, the edict of the emperor and minister was the most important official document of the feudal nation. Under the monarchy system, the world’s general affairs decision-making in the central dictatorship. However, numerous affairs in the world, the monarch can not rely on their own cleverness and energy to understand and handle the affairs of the world, we must rely on large and small levels of officials to handle. In order to keep the power from falling by the wayside, the nine-strong monarch must ensure that the government information is up-loaded and unobstructed. This is exactly the purpose for which the monarch dismisses the official duties and is also the basic means for safeguarding and strengthening the monarchy. The edict and memorial chapter is a specific manifestation of government information upload and release. The eunuchs or emanations of the emperor, commonly known as “edict”. The main forms are the edict, the order, the policy, the system, the policy, the war, the ring and the like. Different forms are used for different government affairs. Among them, forms such as encyclicals and decrees are written according to the instructions orally given by the emperor . But there are also written by the emperor himself, called “hand Yu” or “encyclical”. Qin Shi Huang regulations, the emperor “life system, order Chao.” The Han Dynasty was further improved, the emperor Chao Zha is divided into policy book, system book, edict, ring book four, each with strict writing program and scope of use.