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【目的】观察薄壳山核桃品种‘Pawnee’(雄先型)的雌雄花花芽分化,了解控花控果的花期调控关键过程。【方法】以该品种为试材,通过物候学定期观察,结合石蜡切片技术、番红固绿对染,对其花芽外部形态变化和解剖结构进行研究。【结果】薄壳山核桃‘Pawnee’雄花芽4月上旬次第进入雄花序分化期、雄花原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、花药分化期、花粉囊和花粉粒形成期;与之对应的形态变化表现为雄花芽嫩绿柔软褐变→雄花芽膨大→雄花芽鳞片开裂→雄花序伸长→小花膨大→苞片开裂→花药变黄色。雌花芽顶生混合芽的分化从4月中旬进入形态分化临界期后,历经雌花花序分化期、花柄原基和雌花原基分化期、花被原基分化期、苞片原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期和胚珠分化期。与之对应的形态变化表现为:雌花芽鳞片黄绿色变至褐色→雌花芽褐色变成灰绿色→鳞片逐渐张开→鳞片脱落幼叶展开→小花原始体出现和膨大→露出柱头→花柱伸长。【结论】雌雄花芽外部形态直观反映内部结构变化,可方便快捷地判断薄壳山核桃雌雄花芽分化时期。
【Objective】 The aim of this study was to observe the flower bud differentiation of male and female flower of ’Pawnee’ (male type) of the pecan shell, and to understand the key process of anthesis flower control. 【Method】 Based on the regular observation of phenology, combined with paraffin section technique and safranin staining, the morphological changes and anatomical structures of the flower buds were studied. 【Result】 Male flower buds of ’Pawnee’ of pecan shell came into the order of male inflorescence differentiation, male flower primordium differentiation, calyx primordium differentiation, stamen primordium differentiation, anther differentiation, pollen sac and pollen grains Period; corresponding morphological changes showed male flower buds tender and tender brown brown → male flower buds enlarged → male flower bud scales cracking → male inflorescence elongation → inflorescence → bracts cracking → anthers turn yellow. Differentiation of the mixed buds of the female flower buds from the mid-April into the critical stage of morphological differentiation, through the female flower inflorescence differentiation stage, flower stem primordia and female flower primordium differentiation period, perianth primordium differentiation period, bramble primordium differentiation period, Calyx primordium differentiation, pistil primordial differentiation and ovule differentiation. The corresponding morphological changes were as follows: the female flower bud scales yellow-green to brown → the female flower bud brown turned gray-green → the scales gradually opened → the scales shed the young leaves → the small flower primordium appeared and enlarged → the stigma exposed → the style elongation . 【Conclusion】 The external morphology of male and female flower buds can intuitively reflect the change of internal structure, and the period of male and female flower bud differentiation can be conveniently and quickly determined.