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近年来甲状腺结节的发病率相对增加，而甲状腺癌的早期诊断仍较困难。术前行细针穿刺活组织检查术可鉴别大多数结节的良、恶性，但仍有15％～30％的甲状腺结节不能明确诊断，且这部分甲状腺结节的恶性风险较高。为了避免过度诊断和治疗，研究者将一些特异性的分子标志物与细针穿刺活组织检查相结合来鉴别甲状腺结节的良、恶性，其中，基因突变、免疫细胞化学及微 RNA的研究已取得了一定进展，提高了甲状腺结节的术前诊断率。“,”The incidence of thyroid nodule is relatively increased in recent years ,while it is still difficult to diagnose the thyroid cancer in the early stage.Fine-needle aspiration biopsy ( FNAB) can differentiate majority of benign from malignant nodules,but it has 15%-30% uncertainty for thyroid nodules,which has higher risk of malignancy.In order to avoid excessive diagnosis and treatment,some researchers combine sev-eral specific molecular markers and FNAB together to differentiate benign from malignant nodules .The research of gene mutation,immunocytochemistry and miRNA has made some progress,improving the preoper-ative diagnostic rate of thyroid nodules.