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一、历史唯物主义在马克思恩格斯阶段的最高发展恩格斯在逝世前5年中,与工人运动的活动家,社会主义者及青年们频频通信.书信中很大一部分内容都涉及到历史唯物主义理论,可见,恩格斯晚年对历史唯物主义理论非常重视.在这些书信中,恩格斯一方面更加准确地重新说明和评价了自己的某些观点,另一方面对历史唯物主义的某些重要原理也作了新的发挥.大大发展了马克思的历史唯物主义理论,这一方面是由于自唯物史观创立半个世纪以来恩格斯对唯物史观精心研究的结果,另一方面也是由于现实斗争发展的需要.马克思的历史唯物主义创立以后,受到了来自各个方面的歪曲和攻击,第二国际的机会主义者把唯物史观歪曲成“经济史观”“经济唯物主义”,资产阶级的社会学家(保尔·巴尔特之流)也把马克思的唯物史观歪曲为“经济决定论”,否定上层建筑对历史发展的作用.德国社会民主党内的青年派也把唯物史观简单化、庸俗化,把唯物主义历史观变成简单的公式,并自称为真正的唯物主义者,恩格斯正是在同这些错误倾向的斗争中,推进了对历史唯物主义研究.
I. The Highest Development of Historical Materialism in Marx and Engels During the first five years of his death, Engels communicated frequently with the workers’ activists, socialists and young people. A large part of the letter relates to historical materialism, It can be seen that Engels attached great importance to the theory of historical materialism in his later years, in which Engels re-specified and evaluated some of his own views more accurately and on the other hand made some new ideas about certain important principles of historical materialism Greatly developed Marx’s historical materialism theory, on the one hand, due to the careful study of historical materialism by Engels since the creation of historical materialism for half a century, and on the other hand, due to the need of the development of realistic struggle. After the founding of historical materialism, it was distorted and attacked by all sides. The second international opportunists distorted the historical materialism as “economic materialism” and “economic materialism.” The bourgeois sociologist (Paul · Barthes) also distorted Marx’s historical materialism as “economic determinism”, denied the superstructure of the calendar Development of the role of the German Social Democrats also young historical simplification of the materialist, vulgar, the materialist view of history into a simple formula, and claiming to be a real materialist, Engels is with these erroneous tendencies The struggle to promote the study of historical materialism.