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19世纪末俄国石油产量已超越美国跃居世界第一,但20世纪初的经济危机使俄国石油工业由盛转衰。随着外国资本的不断涌入,以诺贝尔兄弟公司和洛希尔公司为首的几家企业垄断俄国石油开采、加工和销售,以所掌控的油田为杠杆借机抬高油价,打击竞争对手。俄国政府试图扶持中小企业打破垄断局面,但却因种种利益关系无果而终。政府和石油业主关系千丝万缕,黑幕重重。俄国政府对待外资实行鼓励和限制并重政策,一方面借助外资发展本国工业,引进技术提高本国产品的竞争力;另一方面担心外资的进入打击民族资本,扰乱国内市场秩序。虽然政府采取一系列措施保护和扶持民族企业,维持市场秩序,但收效不大,俄国石油产品市场仍然从自由竞争走向寡头垄断。
Russia’s oil output surpassed that of the United States in the late 19th century, ranking first in the world. However, the economic crisis of the early 20th century made the Russian oil industry decline from its peak. With the influx of foreign capital, several enterprises led by Nobel Brothers and Loshill monopolized the exploitation, processing and marketing of Russian oil and took the control of the oilfield as leverage to raise the price of oil and crack down on competitors. The Russian government tried to help SMEs to break the monopoly situation, but due to various fruitless relations. The relationship between the government and oil owners is inextricably linked with shady scenes. On the one hand, the Russian government uses foreign investment to develop its own industries and introduces technology to enhance the competitiveness of its products. On the other hand, it fears that the entry of foreign capital will strike at cracking down on national capitals and disrupt the order in the domestic market. Although the government adopted a series of measures to protect and support the national enterprises and maintain the market order, the effect was not great. The Russian petroleum product market still went from free competition to oligopoly.