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China is the birth-place of Traditional Chines Medicine(TCM) and has a rich diversity of medicinal plant resources.With the rapid increase in consumer demands for crude drugs and natural health products,many medicinal plant species are threatened with extinction from overexploitation and habitat destruction.To ensure the sustainable use of medicinal plant resources,we discuss in this article,a conservation framework consisting of conservation strategies,cultivation practices and various technologies.Conservation strategies include establishing in-situ and ex-situ conservation centers,setting up government policies and regulations,establishing methods for resource surveying and trade monitoring and establishing and enforcing Good Agricultural Practices(GAP).In terms of technologies,we use a remote multi-level sensing system and DNA barcoding technologies as examples to demonstrate their roles in the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plant resources in China.