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一九四六年十一月,共和党人自一九二八年以来第一次在国会选举中获胜。大多数政治分析家们同意这样一种见解,即『共和党人在国内到处宣扬的关于共产主义威胁的论调』起了巨大的作用。就在选举之后五个月,杜鲁门于三月十二日发表了他的关于杜鲁门主义的演说,实际上是对国际共产主义运动宣战。十三天之后,他发布命令要对二百五十万公务员进行一次新的安全审查。这样就开始了『忠诚宣誓』的年代。杜鲁门一九四七年的行政命令规定忠诚委员会应有『合理的依据』才可解雇人员,封一九五0年,这一规定修改成为只要有『合理的怀疑』。一九五三年艾森豪威尔总统制定了新的、甚至更模糊的标准。
In November 1946, Republicans won for the first time in parliamentary elections since 1928. Most political analysts agree with the view that “Republicans’ arguments about the threat of communism everywhere in the country” have played a huge role. Just five months after the election, Truman made his speech on Trumanism on March 12, in effect declaring war on the international communist movement. Thirteen days later, he issued an order to conduct a new security review of 2.5 million civil servants. This started the era of “loyalty oath”. Truman’s 1947 executive order stipulated that a loyalty committee should have “reasonable grounds” before it could lay off personnel. In 1950, this provision was amended to “reasonable suspicion.” In 1953, President Eisenhower set new and even vague standards.