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生态资本主义有两个派别:生态市场主义和生态凯恩斯主义。两者都把生态产业视为新的谋利机会,但生态市场主义者主张政府只干预初始价格,其余由市场决定,生态凯恩斯主义者则主张通过生态产业解决就业问题。生态社会主义者认为,剩余价值生产要求刺激需求,以消化超出人类需要的使用价值生产份额,这是生态问题的根源。生态社会主义者要求把剩余价值生产还原为使用价值生产,认为在此之前的新社会运动只能起改良作用,客观上增加剩余价值生产的成本,从而从供给方面挤压资本的再生产。生态社会主义者没有看到,把生态危机还原为经济危机的做法限制了社会主义运动的视野,因为使用价值仍然与人的物质需要、肉体需要联系在一起,无法扩展到社会需要、精神需要。要构建新型的生态文明,必须从“全面生产”和“自由生产”的角度,把“需要的生产”提上政治经济学批判的日程。
Ecocapitalism has two factions: eco-marketism and eco-Keynesianism. Both regarded eco-industry as a new opportunity for profit, but eco-marketists argued that the government only interfered with the initial price and the rest were market-determined while eco-Keynesians advocated the solution of employment through eco-industries. Eco-socialists believe that the demand for surplus-value production to stimulate demand to digest the use-value production share that exceeds human needs is the source of ecological problems. Eco-socialists demanded that the production of value-added production be restored to the value-in-use production, and that the new social movement prior to that time could only play a reforming role, objectively increasing the cost of surplus-value production and squeezing the reproduction of capital from the supply side. Ecological socialists have failed to see that the reduction of ecological crisis to economic crisis has limited the horizon of socialist movement because the value of use is still linked to the material and physical needs of the human being and can not be extended to social needs and spiritual needs. To build a new type of ecological civilization, we must put the “required production” on the agenda of political economy critique from the perspective of “full production” and “free production.”