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随着人们生活水平的提高,筛查诊断技术的进步,慢性肾脏病(Chornic kidney disease,CKD)的发病率呈逐年上升的趋势。美国健康和营养调查(NHANES)研究显示,1988～1994年,20岁以上成人CKD的患病率为11.0%,而1999～2006年的患病率为16.0%。2005年我国北京市石景山地区对40岁以上常住居民CKD的流行病学调查显示,其患病率为9.4%。可见CKD已成为21世纪人类面临的公共健康问题。CKD患者在出现明显的临床症状前,大多经历了较长的无症状阶段。据估计,早期CKD的发病率要比肾衰竭的发病率高约100倍。因此,研究CKD的危险因素对有效防治该病具有重要的意义。多年来,国内外学者经过资料收集及对大量人群进行多种流行病学方法检验,对CKD危险因素的认识不断深化,对其防治也有了进一步研究,主要归结为以下几方面:
With the improvement of people’s living standards and the progress of screening and diagnostic techniques, the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been increasing year by year. The NHANES study showed that between 1988 and 1994, the prevalence of CKD among adults over the age of 20 was 11.0%, compared with 16.0% between 1999 and 2006. In 2005, the epidemiological survey of CKD in Shijingshan district of Beijing over 40 years old showed that the prevalence of CKD was 9.4%. It can be seen that CKD has become a public health problem facing humankind in the 21st century. Most patients with CKD experience long, asymptomatic stages of presentation before they develop obvious clinical symptoms. It is estimated that the incidence of early CKD than the incidence of renal failure about 100 times higher. Therefore, the study of CKD risk factors for the effective prevention and treatment of the disease is of great significance. Over the years, domestic and foreign scholars through data collection and a large number of population for a variety of epidemiological tests, the understanding of CKD risk factors continue to deepen its prevention and treatment have also been further studied, mainly due to the following aspects: