一、近代陆军的形成 李鸿章统率的北洋军,在中日甲午战争中遭到覆灭。于是,清王朝面对危机,开始编练近代化的军队。淮军是在太平天国革命战争时期,以地缘为纽带组织起来的“自卫军”。它是掌握近代兵器,支撑清朝政权的“劲旅”,但其训练还未充分近代化。在李鸿章的统率之下,20余年都为清王朝所倚重,但在中日甲午战争中暴露了它的腐朽,逐渐衰落。淮军在辽东战役节节败退的时候,胡熵宗在天津、大沽间的小站接受汉纳根的指导,以德国军队为样板,开始编练近代化的军队,即“定武军”。这是按照汉纳根的“派遣外国人为将校,完全西化训练”的意见,为对抗完全采用西法取胜的日本军队而编练的,开始以编练十营,共五千人为目标。《马关条约》签订后,该 First, the formation of the modern army Li Hongzhang uniform rate of the Northern Army, Sino-Japanese War in Jiawu was destroyed. As a result, the Qing Dynasty faced the crisis and started to modernize the army. The Anhwei Army was a “Self-Defense Forces” organized by the geographical link during the Taiping Heavenly Revolutionary War. It is a “brigade” who has mastered modern armaments and supported the Qing regime. However, its training has not yet been fully modernized. Under the rule of Li Hung-chang, more than 20 years relied on for the Qing dynasty, but exposed its decadent and gradual decline during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. When the Huai Army retreated from the battle in Liaodong, Hu Enzong accepted the guidance of Hannagan at the station in Tianjin and Dagu. Taking the German army as a model, he began to practice the modernized army, namely the “fixed-arm army.” According to Hanagan’s “dispatch of foreigners to schools and complete westernization training”, this program aimed at combating the Japanese army that completely won the victory over the Western France began with the goal of training 10 battalions and a total of 5,000 people. After the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki