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【目的】探讨周年不同氮磷钾配施对砂姜黑土麦玉轮作体系产量及养分利用效率的影响,明确适宜豫东南砂姜黑土麦玉一体化种植的氮磷钾配施模式。【方法】于2012—2014年连续两年在河南省周口市商水县典型砂姜黑土区设置氮磷钾不同配施大田定位试验,研究磷钾肥总用量不变、2种氮用量投入水平下麦玉两季磷钾配施模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植体系氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用及产量的调控效应。其中,氮肥设全年用量360.00kg·hm~(-2)和540.00 kg·hm~(-2)两个梯度,磷钾肥总量不变,设计4种配施方式,即麦季全磷玉米全钾(磷肥和钾肥分别全部施用于小麦季和玉米季)、麦季全磷玉米重钾(磷肥全部施用于小麦季,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)、麦季重磷玉米全钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥全部施用于玉米季)、麦季重磷玉米重钾(磷肥按麦玉两季64﹕36的比例分配,钾肥按麦玉两季42﹕58的比例分配)。【结果】高氮水平下麦玉两季磷钾肥分施能促进作物产量三要素的协调发展,显著提高冬小麦的穗数和夏玉米的穗长与行粒数,且两年度单季作物和全年籽粒产量均以麦季重磷且玉米季重钾P8处理最高,周年产量分别达21 274.2 kg·hm~(-2)和20 219.1 kg·hm~(-2)。砂姜黑土区冬小麦和夏玉米地上部养分含量大小均表现为氮>钾>磷。与低氮水平相比,高氮水平有利于提高植株地上部总氮、磷、钾的含量,然而氮素的偏生产力(NPFP)、吸收效率(NUPE)、利用效率(NUE)有所降低。磷钾肥分施不仅能促进冬小麦和夏玉米对氮素的吸收,还可有效防止元素的流失,提高作物对磷素和氮素的吸收和利用,显著提高磷钾两类元素的偏生产力(PFP)、吸收效率(UPE)。而磷钾全施在麦玉某一季作物上,由于磷肥易固定、钾肥易流失的原因,造成肥料后效减小,下茬作物因养分供给不平衡而影响作物对氮磷钾的吸收利用,致使产量降低。低氮水平下麦季重磷、玉米季重钾P4处理的氮磷钾养分利用较其他处理表现较优;高氮水平下麦季重磷、玉米季重钾P8处理的单季和周年氮素偏生产力及吸收效率均显著高于其他处理。【结论】综合考虑养分利用效率和籽粒产量,在本试验条件下,麦季重磷、玉米季重钾配施模式有利于养分效率和产量的同步提高,可作为豫东南砂姜黑土及相似生态类型区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植高产高效施肥的优选模式。
【Objective】 The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different NPK fertilizers on the yield and nutrient use efficiency of wheat-wheat rotation system in Shajiang black soil. 【Method】 The field experiment of different NPK fertilizers loci was set up in the typical Shajiang black soil area of Shangshui City, Zhoukou City, Henan Province for two consecutive years from 2012 to 2014, and the total phosphorus and potash fertilizer application rates were kept unchanged. Phosphorus and Potassium Application Models in Wheat and Wheat on Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrient Absorption and Utilization and Grain Yield Regime in Winter Wheat and Summer Maize Rotation System. Among them, nitrogen fertilizer was used in two annual gradients of 360.00kg · hm -2 and 540.00 kg · hm -2, and the total amount of P and K remained unchanged. Four kinds of manure combinations were designed, namely total potassium (Phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer were all applied to the wheat and maize seasons respectively), wheat maize all-P maize was re-fertilized (phosphate fertilizer was all applied to the wheat seasons, and potassium was distributed as 42:58 of the two seasons wheat and maize) The proportion of wheat and maize 64:36 allocation of two quarters, potassium all applied to the corn season), wheat quarter heavy phosphorus maize (phosphate fertilizer according to wheat and wheat two quarters 64:36 ratio of distribution, according to two quarters of wheat and wheat 42:58 ratio of distribution ). 【Result】 The results showed that the coordinated application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in wheat and maize in two seasons could promote the coordinated development of three elements of crop yield under high nitrogen level, significantly increase the spike number of winter wheat and the spike length and grain number of summer maize, The annual grain yield was the highest with wheat heavy phosphorus and maize quarterly potassium P8, the annual yield reached 21 274.2 kg · hm -2 and 20 219.1 kg · hm -2, respectively. The nutrient contents in shoots of winter wheat and summer maize in Shajiang black soil area showed nitrogen> potassium> phosphorus. Compared with the low nitrogen level, the high nitrogen level was beneficial to increase the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in shoots, however, the NPFP, NUPE and NUE decreased. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization not only promoted the absorption of nitrogen in winter wheat and summer maize, but also effectively prevented the loss of elements, increased the absorption and utilization of phosphorus and nitrogen in crops, and significantly enhanced the bioproductivity of both phosphorus and potassium (PFP ), Absorption efficiency (UPE). Phosphorus and potassium all applied to a crop of wheat and jade, due to the easy fixing of phosphate fertilizer, potash easy to lose reason, resulting in reduced fertilizer efficiency, the next crop due to imbalance in nutrient supply affect crop absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, Resulting in lower production. Under low nitrogen level, the nutrient utilization of N, P and K of wheat quarter heavy potassium and maize quarter-heavy potassium P4 performed better than other treatments. The single-season and annual nitrogen partial production and absorption of wheat quarter heavy potassium and maize quarter- Efficiency is significantly higher than other treatments. 【Conclusion】 Considering nutrient utilization efficiency and grain yield comprehensively, under the experimental conditions, the mode of combined application of heavy wheat and heavy spring wheat could promote the simultaneous increase of nutrient efficiency and yield, and could be used as the model of saproveta ash and similar ecotypes The Best Mode for High Yield and Efficient Fertilization of Winter Wheat - Summer Maize Rotation.