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基于跳远项目的运动技术专项理论,对制约我国优秀男子跳远运动员李金哲的关键技术进行了系统研究和分析,以帮助李金哲提高个人的运动技术能力,同时也有助于提高跳远项目的专项运动理论发展和完善。主要采用二维录像解析法和对比分析法对优秀男子跳远运动员李金哲2009—2015年参加的国内和国际跳远比赛中,成绩优异跳次和犯规跳次的助跑最后2步的技术特征进行研究,并与当前国内外优秀选手的技术进行比较研究,以揭示李金哲助跑最后阶段存在的问题。研究结果:1)李金哲倒数第2步和倒数第1步步长分别为2.35~2.40 m和2.34~2.36 m,步长差值在0.02~0.05 m之间,步长趋于接近;不符合世界级优秀运动员助跑最后2步步长“由大到小”的节奏;2)助跑速度平均为10.65~10.79 m/s之间;3)最后2步质心高度下降率在4.48%~5.19%之间,质心高度下降率与倒数第1步步长呈显著性负相关关系(r=-0.648,P<0.01);4)最后1步腾空时间均值为0.10 s,高于国内外其他选手0.01~0.03 s(P<0.05),腾空时间与该步步长呈显著性正相关关系(r=0.791,P<0.01);5)倒数第1步离地角和离地小腿倾角与最后1步步长具有显著性正相关关系(r=0.469,P<0.05和r=0.586,P<0.01);6)最后1步离地时摆动腿膝角与水平速度损失呈正相关关系(r=0.404,P<0.05),与最后1步步长呈显著性负相关关系(r=-0.750,P<0.01);7)在踏板瞬间膝、踝关节速度分别为7.18 m/s~7.46 m/s和4.09 m/s~5.83m/s,均高于国内外其他选手,其值与水平速度损失呈显著性负相关关系(r=-0.573,P<0.01和r=-0.469,P<0.05),同时还发现踏板瞬间膝关节速度与最后1步步长呈显著性正相关关系(r=0.450,P<0.01)。研究结论:1)李金哲的助跑最后2步步长差异不大,制约了其个人运动技术的提高和完善。需要改进为符合跳远专项科学理论的由“大到小”的助跑节奏。2)李金哲助跑速度达到世界级优秀运动员水平,但最后1步步长较大,导致腾空时间较长,不能进行积极快速踏板技术动作,降低了跑跳结合的有效性。3)其助跑的最后1步步长和腾空时间、膝关节离地和着地角度为显著性正相关(P<0.05),与质心水平速度、膝关节和踝关节速度损失等呈显著性负相关(P<0.05)。4)制约李金哲运动技术的关键问题是最后1步的积极踏板动作。必须减小最后1步步长并积极踏板,是李金哲提高个人运动成绩的关节技术环节。
Based on the special sports technology theory of long jump project, the key technologies that restrict the elite male long jump athlete Li Jinzhe were systematically researched and analyzed to help Li Jinzhe to improve individual athletic skills, and also help to improve the development of special sports theory of long jump projects perfect. Mainly using two-dimensional video analytic method and comparative analysis of the excellent male long-jump athlete Li Jinzhe 2009-2015 to participate in domestic and international long jump competitions, excellent jumps and foul jumps in the last two steps of the technical characteristics of the study and And the current domestic and foreign outstanding players of the technology to conduct a comparative study to reveal Li Jinzhe run-in the final stage of the existing problems. The results show that: 1) Li Jinzhe’s second and last penultimate steps are 2.35 ~ 2.40 m and 2.34 ~ 2.36 m, respectively. The difference of steps is between 0.02 ~ 0.05 m, and the steps tend to be close to each other. 2) the average run-up speed is between 10.65 and 10.79 m / s; 3) the rate of decrease of centroid height in the last two steps is between 4.48% and 5.19% (R = -0.648, P <0.01). 4) The mean time of the last step was 0.10 s, which was higher than that of other domestic and international players at 0.01 ~ 0.03 s (P <0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between vacancy time and step length (r = 0.791, P <0.01). 5) The penultimate angle (R = 0.469, P <0.05 and r = 0.586, P <0.01). 6) There was a positive correlation between swinging leg angle and horizontal velocity loss at the last step (r = 0.404, (R = -0.750, P <0.01); 7) The knee and ankle joint velocities were 7.18 m / s ~ 7.46 m / s and 4.09 m / s ~ 5.83m / s, all higher than other players at home and abroad, the value and the horizontal speed loss (R = -0.573, P <0.01 and r = -0.469, P <0.05). At the same time, it was also found that there was a significant positive correlation between the pedal speed and the last step step length (r = 0.450, P <0.01). The conclusions are as follows: 1) Li Jinzhe’s step-by-step difference in the last two steps is not big, which restricts the improvement and perfection of his personal sports technique. Need to be improved to meet the long jump special scientific theory from “big and small ” run pace. 2) Li Jinzhe’s run-up speed has reached the world-class top athlete’s level, but the last step has a larger step length, leading to longer vacating time, no active quick pedal technique and reduced running-hopping effectiveness. 3) There was a significant positive correlation (P <0.05) between the final step of step-up and the emptying time, the knee-joint clearance and the angle of landing, and negative correlation with the horizontal velocity of the center of mass, the loss of knee joint and ankle joint speed (P <0.05). 4) The key issue that restricts Li Jinzhe’s motor skills is the positive step action of the last step. We must reduce the last step by step and actively pedal, is Li Jinzhe to improve individual performance of the art of articulation.