今天的市场竞争正向垄断和寡占的方向发展,在相当多的行业和产品或业务领域,一个或少数几个厂商雄霸市场。有人甚至预言,竞争正进入“胜者全胜”的时代,即使是市场地位居于第三位的厂商都有危机感。尽管如此,仍然有众多的“市场新人”以挑战者的身份向市场既得利益者——市场领导者发动顽强的进攻。面对市场挑战者的进攻,市场领导者通常会采取一些防御措施,如:提高进 Today’s market competition is developing in the direction of monopoly and oligopoly. In a large number of industries and products or business areas, one or a few manufacturers dominate the market. Some people even predicted that competition is entering an era of “winning all winners.” Even manufacturers with third-rank market status have a sense of crisis. In spite of this, there are still numerous “market newcomers” who challenge the market’s vested interests, market leaders, as their challengers. In the face of market challengers’ attacks, market leaders usually take some defensive measures, such as: