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慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）严重威胁国人健康。病毒学指标在患者抗病毒治疗、新药研发中意义重大。然而，传统的血清病毒学指标如HBV DNA和乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）在评估抗病毒治疗效果和准确反映患者共价闭合环状DNA（cccDNA）的转录活性方面存在一定的局限。近年来HBV RNA、乙型肝炎核心相关抗原（HBcrAg）及核心抗体定量（qAnti-HBc）等新病毒学指标在准确反映cccDNA转录活性、判定患者治疗效果以及预测停药后复发风险等方面的作用越来越受到关注。现简要介绍在CHB患者抗病毒治疗的各阶段新、旧指标的应用情况，并结合新型病毒学新指标在药物疗效评价中的应用，阐述其在抗病毒新药研发中可能发挥的作用。“,”Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) poses a serious threat to the health of the Chinese people. Viral markers are of great significance during antiviral therapy and research and development of innovative drugs. However, traditional serovirological markers such as HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have certain limitations in assessing the efficacy of antiviral treatment and accurately reflecting the transcriptional activity of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). In recent years, the role of new viral markers such as HBV RNA, hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) and quantitative anti-hepatitis B core protein (qAnti-HBc) have attracted more and more attention because of accurately reflecting the transcription activity of cccDNA, determining the therapeutic effect and predicting the risk of recurrence after drug discontinuation. This article briefly introduces the application of new and old markers in various stages of antiviral therapy in CHB patients, and combines the application of new viral markers in the evaluation of drug efficacy, and expounds its possible role in the research and development of new antiviral therapy.