文学家各有自己的“命运”。被誉为俄国“三巨头”的屠格涅夫、托尔斯泰和陀思妥耶夫斯基就是很有意思的例子。他们的年龄相差不过十岁,而其际遇先后却颇为不同。在上世纪六、七十年代,屠格涅夫首先驰誉于欧洲文坛;自八、九十年代至第一次世界大战前后,托尔斯泰继起成为照耀欧美文学的巨星;而从第一次战后经第二次大战,陀思妥耶夫斯基骎骎日上,在当代,主要在现代派作家心目中,他几乎成为独一无二的权威。他们可以说是“各领风骚”数十年。推其彼此递嬗的原因,在托尔斯泰和陀思妥耶夫斯基,无疑是由于社会变迁所引起的读者群思想的演变。须知文学的共鸣主要是思想的共鸣。至于屠格涅夫,据许多人的看法,是由于艺术上稍逊于其他两位作 Literary people each have their own “destiny.” Turgenev, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, which are reputed as the “big three” of Russia, are very interesting examples. Their age difference of only ten years old, but its succession is quite different. In the sixties and seventies of the last century, Turgenev first renowned in the European literary world; from the 1980s to the 1990s, before and after the First World War, Tolstoy became the superstar of European and American literature, and from the first After World War II, the Second World War, Dostoyevsky, in the modern era, mainly in the minds of modern writers, he almost became the one and only authority. They can be said to be “leaders” for decades. The reason why they are pushed to each other is undoubtedly due to the evolvement of readers’ thoughts caused by social changes in Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky. Notes The resonance of literature is mainly the resonance of thought. As for Turgenev, according to many people, the art was slightly inferior to the other two