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目前，中国已进入世界低出生率国家的行列，但由于人口惯性规律，稳定低生育水平仍然是当前乃至几十年内头等重要的基本国策。然而，我们必须看到，人口素质、人力资源质量与社会经济发展之间的差距已日益凸显。本文以人口平均受教育程度为指标，对中国在业人口人力资本存量及质量进行度量、评估，分析其对中国经济社会发展的影响；论证了人力资本存量质量较低已成为经济发展的主要障碍，中国经济成长已经到了需要加快发展人力资本的新阶段。
At present, China has entered the ranks of countries with low birth rates in the world. However, due to the law of population inertia, stabilizing the low birth rate is still the most important basic national policy of the current and even decades. However, we must realize that the gap between the quality of the population, the quality of human resources and the socio-economic development has become increasingly prominent. Based on the average education level of the population as an indicator, this paper measures and evaluates the human capital stock and quality of the working population in China and analyzes its impact on China’s economic and social development. It is demonstrated that the low quality of human capital stock has become the major obstacle to economic development China’s economic growth has reached a new stage where it needs to speed up the development of human capital.