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简要介绍了变化中的地球所面临的挑战,并在描述地球系统科学近年来所取得成就的基础上给出了全球变化的科学理解.同时也简要介绍了世界正在面临的主要环境问题;描述了气候系统研究所达成的共识、面临的挑战及所取得的研究进展;并从大气、海洋和陆地间的CO2交换、转换、不确定性等方面阐述了碳循环;然后,简单描述了全球水循环研究进展;最后,展望了在变化的地球中生存所要面临的挑战与机遇.“,”This paper introduces the challenges of a changing Earth and gives a scientific understanding of global change basing on the description of scientific accomplishment about the Earth System. Firstly, the significant environmental problems the world facing are introduced briefly. Secondly, the consensus, challenge, and advancement of climate system research are described. Thirdly, the carbon cycle is elaborated from its transition, uncertainty, and CO2 exchange among atmosphere, ocean, and land. Fourthly, global hydrological cycle is displayed. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities of living with a changing Earth are expected.