凡是有人群的地方,就有管理。我国长期以来实行高度集中的管理模式,使国家成为经济管理的最高主宰,不善于运用多种调节手段引导经济活动,造成投入大于产出,经济效益差,社会主义的优越性没有得到应有的发挥。我国企业的管理模式是制度治厂的模式,它有利于统一指挥,但也使人受制于制度,创造性不能充分发挥,工人的参与意识受到抑制。以至于以牺牲效益扩大规模,以“公平”代替效率,管理过程中内耗丛生更是司空见惯。这些情况表明问题不在于是否实施了管理,而在于是否实行了优化管理。管理活动从来就是一种自觉的行为,这是由人类社会系统的特性——环境改造性所决定的。尽管管理是人的有目的 Wherever there is a crowd, there is management. China’s long-term implementation of a highly centralized management model has made the country the highest master of economic management. It is not good at using multiple adjustment methods to guide economic activities, resulting in more investment than output and poor economic returns. The superiority of socialism has not been achieved. Play. The management model of enterprises in our country is a mode of institutional governance, which is conducive to unified command, but it also makes people subject to the system, the creativity can not be fully exerted, and the workers’ sense of participation is suppressed. It is even more common to increase the scale at the expense of benefit, to replace the efficiency with “fairness,” and to consume in the management process. These circumstances indicate that the problem is not whether or not management has been implemented, but whether the optimization management has been implemented. Management activities have always been a kind of conscious behavior, which is determined by the characteristics of the human social system-environmental transformation. Although management is a human purpose