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磺胺药和抗生素等抗菌药物的发现无疑地对感染性疾病的控制和治疗起了重要作用。按美国Boston城医院的统计分析,抗生素应用前临床上的严重感染多为化脓性球菌所引起。以败血症为例,肺炎球菌和β-溶血性链球菌占全部致病菌的半数以上。应用磺胺药和青霉素G后,肺炎球菌和β-溶血性链球菌败血症的病死率分别自1935年的78％和72％降至1947年的25％和36％。两者的发病率亦明显下降。但随着抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素、免疫抑制剂和肿瘤化疗制剂的广泛应用,耐药菌、条件致病菌和真菌等所致感染疾病的发病率逐渐增多。在抗生素应用前金葡菌败血症占全部败血症的1/5,至60年代末70年代初时金葡菌(主要为产青霉素酶菌
The discovery of antimicrobials such as sulfa drugs and antibiotics has undoubtedly played an important role in the control and treatment of infectious diseases. According to the statistical analysis of Boston City Hospital in the United States, most clinically serious infections caused by antibiotics are mostly caused by pyogenic bacteria. In sepsis, for example, pneumococci and β-hemolytic streptococcus accounted for more than half of all pathogens. The mortality of pneumococcal and beta-hemolytic streptococcal sepsis dropped from 78% and 72% in 1935 to 25% and 36% in 1947, respectively, after the sulfonamides and penicillin G were applied. The incidence of both also significantly decreased. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics, adrenal hormones, immunosuppressive agents and chemotherapy drugs, the incidence of infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria, opportunistic pathogens and fungi is gradually increasing. Staphylococcus aureus sepsis accounted for 1/5 of all sepsis before antibiotic use. Until the early 1960s and early 1970s, S. aureus (mainly penicillinase-producing bacteria