当今世界上，国际性的“发展努力”和“发展竞赛”蔚为潮流，发展问题已成为全球共 同关心的话题。其实人类对发展问题的研究由来已久，古代人们对宇宙和人类社会变迁规律 的探索可视为发展研究的源头，那时一般对发展持一种“循环论”或“退化论”的态度。近 代以来，随着生产 In today’s world, the international “development efforts” and “development competitions” have become a trend. Development has become a global issue of common concern. In fact, human beings have been studying the issue of development for a long time. The ancient people’s exploration of the changing laws of the universe and human society can be regarded as the source of development research. At that time, they generally held a “circular theory” or “degeneration theory” attitude towards development. Since modern times, with the production