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华商与荷兰东印度公司的“合作伙伴”关系通常被认为是中国帆船贸易能够在17、18世纪的东南亚取得巨大成功的基础。但是就这一合作关系如何形成的问题,学界尚存在讨论。笔者认为这一合作关系的渊源并不在传统理解中的巴达维亚地区,而是在印度尼西亚东部的马鲁古群岛,就是所谓的香料群岛。在这片群岛,荷兰东印度公司建立了其最早的殖民地,而华商也在那个时候同时和占据此地的荷兰人、西班牙人及当地人存在贸易关系。荷兰人原计划是要驱赶这些华商,以便实现对这片海域的彻底垄断。但最终的发展却是,华商成为唯一被荷兰允许在当地从事贸易的外国商人。本文将追溯这一发展过程,并思考两者之间关系的本质。
The “partnership” relationship between the Chinese businessmen and the Dutch East India Company is generally considered to be the basis for the great success of the Chinese sailing trade in Southeast Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries. However, there is still discussion in the academic community about how this partnership has taken shape. I believe that the origin of this partnership is not in the traditional understanding of the Batavia region, but in the eastern part of Indonesia’s Maluku, known as the Spice Islands. In this archipelago, the Dutch East India Company established its earliest colonies, and at the same time Chinese merchants also had trade relations with the Dutch, Spanish and locals who occupied it. The original plan of the Dutch is to drive off these Chinese businessmen in order to achieve a complete monopoly on this sea area. But the ultimate development was that the Chinese businessmen became the only foreign businessmen allowed by the Netherlands to engage in trade there. This article traces back to this development and considers the nature of the relationship between the two.