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“命定论”和“变命论”是明代士人持有的两种命运观:“命定论”强调安于现状、否定人可以通过自身的能动改变命运,这一命运观的产生与士子求仕不得、明代商品经济发展下的优胜劣汰等在积极进取后无所得的现实无奈际遇有关;“变命论”强调人可以通过自身行为来改变命运,行善则善报、行恶则恶报,这一命运观的产生与佛教的“因果报应”、道教的个人修炼和阳明心学的追求“本心”等思想的流行有关。而“命定论”和“变命论”正是明代君主专制中央集权日渐加强和商品经济快速发展两相矛盾及自相矛盾的思想外化表现。
The theory of destiny and the theory of life are the two kinds of fate held by the scholars of the Ming Dynasty: “Fate theory” emphasizes settling the status quo, denying that one can change his destiny through his own initiative The concept of production and Scholar unscrupulous, the development of the commodity economy in the Ming Dynasty under the survival of the fittest and so on the proactive and unmanaged reality helpless encounter; “life theory ” emphasizes that people can change their destiny through their own behavior, good at good It is related to the popularization of ideology such as “karma” in Buddhism, personal cultivation in Taoism and the pursuit of Yangming psychology. The “theory of life” and “life theory” are just two kinds of contradictions and self-contradictory ideological externalizations manifested in the monopoly autocratic monarchy of the Ming Dynasty and the rapid development of commodity economy.