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虚拟语气的用法是高中语法的重点，也是高考常考的一个语法点。所谓虚拟语气就是为表达并不可能存在的愿望、假设、猜测或是建议而采用的一种特殊句式。由于虚拟语气句式较为复杂，适用条件十分灵活，学习者常常难以掌握和灵活运用。为帮助同学们透彻把握这一重要的语法现象，本文归纳了虚拟语气的九种用法，希望对大家有所启发。
1.用于条件状语从句中
条件状语从句最典型的标志就是由if引导，虚拟语气在if引导的条件状语从句中的使用如下表：
需要注意的是，并不是所有的if引导的虚拟条件句都严格按照上表中的句式，很多情况下，if引导的虚拟条件句使用如下两种变体，这也是高考考查的难点。
1)错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中的动词要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如：
If you had given him the present that evening, he would not be so angry now.
(与过去事实相反)（与现在事实相反）
He would graduate from a college in 4 years’ time if he had studied hard before.
（与将来事实相反） （与过去事实相反）
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002上海高考)
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
答案为B。
2)省略if 的虚拟倒装句
在if 引导的虚拟条件句中，有时可以省略引导词if，而把if从句中的were, had, should, would等提到句首，变成倒装句式，主句不变。如：
You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
→You didn’t let me drive. Had we driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
If I were a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe.
→Were I a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe.
但是，如果if引导的虚拟条件句中的助动词是否定形式时，不能将其否定的缩略形式提前，而是将助动词提到句首，否定词not置于主语之后，即“助动词+主语+not+谓语”形式。如：
Were it not for the long distance, we would go camping now.
Should he not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.
2.用于宾语从句中
1）用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中。常见的这类动词有demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等，其表示虚拟的结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：
He insisted that we(should) leave for the airport the time she appeared.
The teacher ordered that all the students (should) hand in their homework.
He proposed that all the directors (should) express their ideas in written forms.
不过，上述原则有两个例外：其一，当suggest表示“暗示、表明”之意时，不用虚拟语气，而应该用陈述语气；其二，当insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。例如：
____ be sent to work there?(2002上海高考)
A. Whom do you suggest
B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who
D. Do you suggest whom should
答案为A。
Her appearance suggests that she is living a happy life.
她的样子显示出她生活很幸福。
2)用于wish后面的宾语从句中。wish 后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其构成形式为“主语+wish+that从句”，至于that从句的时态，则按照这样一个规则：a.当表示与现在事实相反时，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式；b.当表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成式，即“had+过去分词”形式。例如：
——William Tell was a brave man.
——Yes, I wish I ____ his courage.
A. have B. will have C. had D. would have
该题表示的是与一般事实相反的虚拟状况，应选C。
How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden.(2002上海高考)
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
答案为B。
3)在would rather后的宾语从句中,也用虚拟语气，that从句中的谓语用一般过去式表示现在或将来要做的事情；用过去完成时表示过去的动作。例如：
I would rather that they didn’t hear of the news.
3.用于主语从句中
在It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity+that结构的主语从句中，要使用虚拟语气，即从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省去。例如：
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
It is desired that all the members of club (should) strictly obey the regulation of the club.
4.用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气，构成形式为“should+动词原形”。如：
We all agree to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing.
All the directors are discussing the proposal that the company (should) reduce the staff.
5.用于as if(though), even if(though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中
如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去式；如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用过去完成式；如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来式。例如：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were broken D. had been broken
答案为C。
6.用于It is (high)time (that)…句型的定语从句中
在It is (high) time (that)…句型的定语从句中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，should不可省去。例如：
It’s high time that we left to pick up our children from the kindergarten.＝It’s high time that we should leave to pick up our children from the kindergarten.
7.用于表示委婉语气的could, would句型中
could, would在句中通常用于表示委婉的请求，实质上也是虚拟语气的用法之一，谓语使用动词原形。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the truth?
Could you please ask him why he refused to attend the meeting?
8.用于if only引导的感叹句中
if only引导的感叹句中应使用虚拟语气：若与现在或者将来事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；若与过去事实相反，谓语动词使用过去完成式。例如：
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
(2003上海春招)
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
答案为C。
9.用于其他表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子中
虚拟语气除了上述几种用途外，还常见于其他一些表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子中，这些词或短语主要有but, without, lest, for fear that, in case, but for, otherwise, everything taken into consideration等，用法为：当主句与现在或将来事实相反则使用“would, should, might等情态动词+动词原形”结构；若主句与过去事实相反，则使用“would, should, might等情态动词+have+过去分词”结构。例如：
But for the invention of the steam engine, England ____ so rapidly last century.
A. did not develop B. would not have developed
C. has not been developed D. had not developed
答案为B。
练兵场:
1. If my brother ____ here last Sunday， he ____ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented
B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent
D. were, would have prevented
2. The judge ordered that the thief ____ punished.
A. would be B. should be C. were to be D. must be
3. I wish I ____ you yesterday.
A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
4. The rice ____ if you had been more careful.
A. wouldn’t be burning B. would not burn
C. would not have been burned D. wouldn’t be burnt
5. Without electricity, human being’s life ____ different today.
A. would B. will be
C. would have been D. would be
6. I’d rather you ____ anything about it for the time being.
A. don’t do B. didn’t do C. hadn’t done D. won’t do
7. If he ____ in a day or two, I would wait for him.
A. returns B. should have returned
C. were to return D. have returned
8. I would go to the concert but I ____ no time.
A. had B. had had C. have D. have had
9. How nice it ____ if I ____ a sister like you!
A. should be, had been B. would be, had been
C. would be, had D. were, had
10. ____ in your position, I would go.
A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am
11. ____ five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off.
A. If you should arrive B. If you arrived
C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrived
12. I am glad we had a map. I am sure we ____ if we ____ one.
A. would have got lost, hadn’t had
B. would get lost, hadn’t
C. couldn’t have get lost, had had
D. may get lost, don’t have
13. The doctor insisted that patient ____ seriously ill and he ____ on.
A. should be, should be operated
B. should have been, had been operated
C. had been, should operate
D. was, be operated
14. I wish my husband ____ as well as ____.
A. will dress, you B. be dressed, you
C. dressed, you D. dress, you
15. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would scored D. would have scored
16. What would have happened, ____ as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked farther
17. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
18. He suggested that the meeting ____ put off.
A. not be B. should not C. wouldn’t D. be not
19. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ____ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated
C. would be heated D. be heated
20. It’s high time that we ____ to think how to deal with the money.
A. would being B. began C. begin D. begun
21. It is strange that Mr. Zhang ____ such silly mistakes.
A. made B. makes C. make D. had made
22. It’s a pity that he ____ such a golden opportunity.
A. missed B. misses C. had missed D. should miss
23. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled
C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile
Key(2)
1.用于条件状语从句中
条件状语从句最典型的标志就是由if引导，虚拟语气在if引导的条件状语从句中的使用如下表：
需要注意的是，并不是所有的if引导的虚拟条件句都严格按照上表中的句式，很多情况下，if引导的虚拟条件句使用如下两种变体，这也是高考考查的难点。
1)错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中的动词要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如：
If you had given him the present that evening, he would not be so angry now.
(与过去事实相反)（与现在事实相反）
He would graduate from a college in 4 years’ time if he had studied hard before.
（与将来事实相反） （与过去事实相反）
It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I ____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.(2002上海高考)
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
答案为B。
2)省略if 的虚拟倒装句
在if 引导的虚拟条件句中，有时可以省略引导词if，而把if从句中的were, had, should, would等提到句首，变成倒装句式，主句不变。如：
You didn’t let me drive. If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
→You didn’t let me drive. Had we driven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired.
If I were a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe.
→Were I a bird, I would fly to the end of the Universe.
但是，如果if引导的虚拟条件句中的助动词是否定形式时，不能将其否定的缩略形式提前，而是将助动词提到句首，否定词not置于主语之后，即“助动词+主语+not+谓语”形式。如：
Were it not for the long distance, we would go camping now.
Should he not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday.
2.用于宾语从句中
1）用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中。常见的这类动词有demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等，其表示虚拟的结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如：
He insisted that we(should) leave for the airport the time she appeared.
The teacher ordered that all the students (should) hand in their homework.
He proposed that all the directors (should) express their ideas in written forms.
不过，上述原则有两个例外：其一，当suggest表示“暗示、表明”之意时，不用虚拟语气，而应该用陈述语气；其二，当insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。例如：
____ be sent to work there?(2002上海高考)
A. Whom do you suggest
B. Who do you suggest that should
C. Do you suggest who
D. Do you suggest whom should
答案为A。
Her appearance suggests that she is living a happy life.
她的样子显示出她生活很幸福。
2)用于wish后面的宾语从句中。wish 后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其构成形式为“主语+wish+that从句”，至于that从句的时态，则按照这样一个规则：a.当表示与现在事实相反时，that从句中的谓语动词用过去式；b.当表示与过去事实相反时，谓语动词用过去完成式，即“had+过去分词”形式。例如：
——William Tell was a brave man.
——Yes, I wish I ____ his courage.
A. have B. will have C. had D. would have
该题表示的是与一般事实相反的虚拟状况，应选C。
How I wish every family ____ a large house with a beautiful garden.(2002上海高考)
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
答案为B。
3)在would rather后的宾语从句中,也用虚拟语气，that从句中的谓语用一般过去式表示现在或将来要做的事情；用过去完成时表示过去的动作。例如：
I would rather that they didn’t hear of the news.
3.用于主语从句中
在It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity+that结构的主语从句中，要使用虚拟语气，即从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省去。例如：
It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week.
It is desired that all the members of club (should) strictly obey the regulation of the club.
4.用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气，构成形式为“should+动词原形”。如：
We all agree to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing.
All the directors are discussing the proposal that the company (should) reduce the staff.
5.用于as if(though), even if(though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中
如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去式；如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用过去完成式；如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来式。例如：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were broken D. had been broken
答案为C。
6.用于It is (high)time (that)…句型的定语从句中
在It is (high) time (that)…句型的定语从句中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式或should+动词原形，should不可省去。例如：
It’s high time that we left to pick up our children from the kindergarten.＝It’s high time that we should leave to pick up our children from the kindergarten.
7.用于表示委婉语气的could, would句型中
could, would在句中通常用于表示委婉的请求，实质上也是虚拟语气的用法之一，谓语使用动词原形。例如：
Would you be so kind as to tell me the truth?
Could you please ask him why he refused to attend the meeting?
8.用于if only引导的感叹句中
if only引导的感叹句中应使用虚拟语气：若与现在或者将来事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；若与过去事实相反，谓语动词使用过去完成式。例如：
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I ____ your advice.
(2003上海春招)
A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow
答案为C。
9.用于其他表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子中
虚拟语气除了上述几种用途外，还常见于其他一些表示虚拟的词或短语引导的句子中，这些词或短语主要有but, without, lest, for fear that, in case, but for, otherwise, everything taken into consideration等，用法为：当主句与现在或将来事实相反则使用“would, should, might等情态动词+动词原形”结构；若主句与过去事实相反，则使用“would, should, might等情态动词+have+过去分词”结构。例如：
But for the invention of the steam engine, England ____ so rapidly last century.
A. did not develop B. would not have developed
C. has not been developed D. had not developed
答案为B。
练兵场:
1. If my brother ____ here last Sunday， he ____ me from going.
A. had been, would have prevented
B. had been, would prevent
C. were, would prevent
D. were, would have prevented
2. The judge ordered that the thief ____ punished.
A. would be B. should be C. were to be D. must be
3. I wish I ____ you yesterday.
A. saw B. did see C. had seen D. were to see
4. The rice ____ if you had been more careful.
A. wouldn’t be burning B. would not burn
C. would not have been burned D. wouldn’t be burnt
5. Without electricity, human being’s life ____ different today.
A. would B. will be
C. would have been D. would be
6. I’d rather you ____ anything about it for the time being.
A. don’t do B. didn’t do C. hadn’t done D. won’t do
7. If he ____ in a day or two, I would wait for him.
A. returns B. should have returned
C. were to return D. have returned
8. I would go to the concert but I ____ no time.
A. had B. had had C. have D. have had
9. How nice it ____ if I ____ a sister like you!
A. should be, had been B. would be, had been
C. would be, had D. were, had
10. ____ in your position, I would go.
A. If I B. Were I C. If was I D. If I am
11. ____ five minutes earlier, you could have seen them off.
A. If you should arrive B. If you arrived
C. Had you arrived D. Should you arrived
12. I am glad we had a map. I am sure we ____ if we ____ one.
A. would have got lost, hadn’t had
B. would get lost, hadn’t
C. couldn’t have get lost, had had
D. may get lost, don’t have
13. The doctor insisted that patient ____ seriously ill and he ____ on.
A. should be, should be operated
B. should have been, had been operated
C. had been, should operate
D. was, be operated
14. I wish my husband ____ as well as ____.
A. will dress, you B. be dressed, you
C. dressed, you D. dress, you
15. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he ____ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored
C. would scored D. would have scored
16. What would have happened, ____ as far as the river bank?
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked farther
17. I was really anxious about you. You ____ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
18. He suggested that the meeting ____ put off.
A. not be B. should not C. wouldn’t D. be not
19. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material ____ to its burning temperature.
A. is heated B. will be heated
C. would be heated D. be heated
20. It’s high time that we ____ to think how to deal with the money.
A. would being B. began C. begin D. begun
21. It is strange that Mr. Zhang ____ such silly mistakes.
A. made B. makes C. make D. had made
22. It’s a pity that he ____ such a golden opportunity.
A. missed B. misses C. had missed D. should miss
23. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now.
A. wouldn’t be smiling B. couldn’t have smiled
C. won’t smile D. didn’t smile
Key(2)