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嗅觉障碍在老年人中患病率较高，不仅影响人的生活质量及心理健康，而且是多种神经精神疾病的临床表现，尤其是阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease，AD）等神经认知障碍。AD是一种常见的以进行性痴呆为主要表现的神经退行性疾病，无法治愈，给个人、家庭及社会带来沉重的负担。通过AD标志物检测，早期发现，早期干预，对延缓AD进展大有帮助。嗅觉障碍与AD及轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）密切相关，嗅觉功能检测或许能辅助早期识别MCI及AD，因此我们将重点综述嗅觉障碍与MCI及AD常规诊断手段相关联的最新研究进展，以评估嗅觉障碍在MCI及AD等常见神经认知障碍研究中的价值。“,”Olfactory dysfunction has a high prevalence in the elderly, which not only affects people′s quality of life and mental health but also is a clinical manifestation of neuropsychiatric diseases, especially of neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer′s disease (AD)). AD is a common neurodegenerative disease which is mainly characterized by progressive dementia and cannot be cured.It could impose heavy burden on patients, families and society. Screening AD-related biomarkers can greatly benefit the early diagnosis and treatment of AD and further delay the progress of the disease. Olfactory impairment is closely related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Olfactory screening tests could help the early identification of these disorders. Therefore, this article aims to review the latest researches on the association between olfactory dysfunction and conventional diagnostic methods of MCI and AD, and further evaluate the research value of olfactory impairment in studies of common neurocognitive disorders.