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全球环境法是在全球化的背景下随着环境法律移植和创新的深入发展而得以产生和演进的,其中,全球环境损害责任制度堪为缩影和写照。在国内法层面,为了克服污染受害者起诉污染者承担损害赔偿责任的制度性障碍,一些国家采取了放宽因果关系证明要求和转移举证责任等多种因应措施。然而,在国际层面,对于针对美国跨国公司在国外的环境侵权行为的诉讼,美国法院往往以不方便美国法院原则、适用《外国人侵权法》在美国起诉须以被告违反国际法为条件、非居民外国人不具备审慎起诉资格等为由而拒不受理,致使环境受害者在美国的诉讼阻力重重。作为应对,发展中国家采取了一系列举措。其中,最典型的立法对策是,规定一旦案件在国外起诉,国内法院便自动丧失管辖权;在原告所在国起诉的,允许以被告所在国的法律来计算污染损害赔偿额,等等。因而,一国对外国原告提起的环境诉讼的接受和承认外国判决之互惠条件准则的出台,将变得越来越重要。今后跨国环境私人诉讼将不断推动全球环境损害责任制度的发展,而不断革新的全球环境损害责任制度也将成为全球环境法新格局中的重要组成部分。
Global environmental law is generated and evolved with the development of transplanting environmental laws and innovations in the context of globalization. Among them, the global system of environmental damage liability is a microcosm and portrayal. At the domestic law level, in order to overcome the institutional obstacle of polluters suing polluters for damages, some countries have adopted various measures such as loosening the proof of causation and shifting the burden of proof. However, at the international level, the United States courts tend to prosecute U.S. prosecutors in the United States against the defendants ’violation of international law, while non-residents often use the principle of inconvenient us courts to apply for infringement of U.S. multinational corporations’ Foreigners do not have the qualifications of prudential prosecution and so on, rendering the victims of environmental litigation in the United States a heavy burden. In response, developing countries have taken a series of initiatives. Among them, the most typical legislative countermeasure is to provide for the domestic courts to automatically lose jurisdiction once the case is prosecuted abroad; to prosecute in the country in which the plaintiff sued, to allow pollution damages to be calculated in accordance with the law of the defendant’s country of presence. Therefore, the promulgation of a country’s acceptance of environmental lawsuits by foreign plaintiffs and the acceptance of the criteria for the reciprocity of foreign judgments will become more and more important. In the future, private litigation in transnational environment will continue to promote the development of the global system of environmental damage liability, and the ever-changing system of global environmental damage liability will also become an important part of the new global environmental law.