杨树是中国广泛栽培的重要造林树种之一 ,我国是世界上杨树资源丰富的国家 .杨树具有速生丰产、实用性强、无性繁殖能力强 ,且基因组较小等特点 ,现已成为研究林木生理和基因工程研究的模式树种 .该文概述了基因工程技术、遗传图谱构建、重要性状基因定位以及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面在中国杨树遗传改良中的应用研究进展 ,并对现代分子生物学技术在林木遗传改良应用中存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了讨论 Poplar is one of the widely afforestation species widely cultivated in China, and China is the poplar resource-rich country in the world. Poplar has the characteristics of fast-growing and high-yielding, practicality, strong asexual reproduction and small genome, Tree species physiological and genetic engineering.This article summarized the research progress of gene engineering, genetic map construction, gene mapping of important traits and molecular marker-assisted selection breeding in poplar genetic improvement in China, The main problems and application prospects of biological techniques in forest genetic improvement are discussed