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信任是现代社会中的一种重要精神资源,是构成社会资本的核心要素,在个体生活、组织运行、社会治理等方面具有特殊的积极作用。近一段时期来,国内外社会科学界日益重视社会信任的来源研究。一方面考察个体层面社会交往特性与信任的关系。现代社会的交往、活动及行为表现出匿名性、独立性、自由性和自信性等特点,体现着非人格化、契约化的互动方式。普遍信任正是在这些现代互动方式的多样性中孕育而生;另一方面考察制度对于发展信任的影响,认为普遍信任的国家制度来源强于社会交往来源。制度观念中体现的普遍主义、广泛参与、无差别惩戒等能够营造信任的良好环境,提升普遍信任水平。无论是借助社会交往还是国家制度,从特殊信任到普遍信任的“跃迁”都存在一些限度。
Trust is an important spiritual resource in modern society and constitutes a core element of social capital. It has a special positive effect on individual life, organizational operation and social governance. In recent years, the social science community at home and abroad has paid increasing attention to the study of the sources of social trust. On the one hand, examine the relationship between social interaction characteristics and trust at the individual level. Modern society’s exchanges, activities and behaviors show anonymity, independence, freedom and self-confidence and other characteristics, embodies the impersonal, contractual interaction. It is precisely in this diversity of modern modes of interaction that universal trust is conceived; on the other hand, the impact of institutions on the development of trust is examined, and the source of the universally trusted system of states is stronger than the sources of social interaction. The universalism, extensive participation and non-discriminatory punishment embodied in the system concept can create a good environment of trust and enhance the level of universal trust. Whether through social interaction or state system, there are some limits to the “transition” from special trust to universal trust.