INTRODUCTIONrnSince the twenty-first century, several studies have focused on the morphological recovery of tumors, infections, biochemical dis-orders, skeletal dysplasia, and trauma caused by extensive tissue defects1-2. Regeneration of hard tissues, including bone tissue, is important but challenging in tissue engineering and regenera-tion3-5. Autograft exhibits excellent regeneration effect, but the second surgery area increased the risk of postoperative complica-tions6. Besides, the absorption of autograft is relatively fast and hard to control7. The autogenous bone is also difficult to adjust to the proper shape of the bone defect, which limits its application8. Therefore, researchers and clinicians set their sights on bone substitutes, which are widely used clinically because of their abundant sources9. However, bone substitutes lack biological components, such as osteoblasts and growth factors, resulting in slow bone regeneration and poor osteoinductivity10. Moreover, the granular morphology of bone substitutes is not conducive to clinical operations, causing certain difficulties to fit the defect area11. Although new bone regeneration materials are continu-ously emerging, ideal biological materials that can solve the abovementioned problems remain lacking.